Ap World History Period 6 Flashcards

13757488984	14 Points	Jan 8, 1918, address to Congress, President Woodrow Wilson proposed this program for world peace. This program were later taken as the basis for peace negotiations at the end of the war.	0
13757488985	Albert Einstein	Most revolutionary of the theoretical physicists, published theory of relativity. Principles that mass and energy are interchangeable equation. E-mc^2.	1
13757488986	Bolshevik	Communist Party that won in 1917. Lenin was the leader of this party.	2
13757488987	Civilian Conservation Crops	Was established ostensibly to promote conservative and reformation, but mostly to provide some three million jobs to the young.	3
13757488988	Empress Cixi	Chinese empress who dominated the last decade of Qing Dynasty, supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a mean to drive out westernization.	4
13757488989	Collectivization	Was a policy forced consolidation of individual peasants households into collective farms carried out by Soviet's government in 1920s and early 1930s.	5
13757488990	Emiliano Zapata	Revolutionary and leader peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in South-Central. Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the land of the wealthy landowners. Though he was successful for a time he was ultimately assassinated.	6
13757488991	Francisco "Pancho" Villa	A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.	7
13757488992	Franklin D. Roosevelt	President of U.S. during the Great Depression and WWII.	8
13757488993	Franz Ferdinand	He was a heir of the Austrian Hungarian Empire. He was assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. This event sparked a series of actions that led to the beginning of WWI.	9
13757488994	Joseph Stalin	WWII, killed 20 million people, known for his Five Years Plan to increase industrial production.	10
13757488995	League of Nations	International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the U. S. to join it proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in 1930s.	11
13757488996	Lusitania	Largest of these ships, was torpedoed off the Irish coast in May 1915, 1,200 passenger and 118 Americans drowned as the ship sank.	12
13757488997	Marie Curie	A woman, French physicist, did research on radioactivity.	13
13757488998	Mohandas K. Gandhi	Leader of the Indian Independence Movement and advocates of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of Indian National Congress.	14
13757488999	Czar Nicholas II	Czar of Russia, overthrew by communists government.	15
13757489000	Sigmund Freud	He applied the scientific mind to the working of human mind and to human emotions, claimed that human behavior resulted from a constant struggle between irrational drives, and our conscience. His work was added to the thinkers of Enlightenment.	16
13757489001	Sun Yat-Sen	Known for his three principles: democracy, industrialized, and nationalism.	17
13757489002	Treaty of Versailles	Germany has to pay for reparations.	18
13757489003	V .I. Lenin	Bolshevik Party leader.	19
13757489004	Young Turks	Overthrew the government of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamet in 1909.	20
13757489005	Zimmerman Telegram	German foreign minister send a telegram instructing the German ambassador in Mexico City to offer the president of Mexico its lost territory, if it will be on Germany's side.	21
13757489006	Fascism	A political philosophy movement or government that exalts the nation over the individual, the antithesis of literal democracy. It advocates a centralized democratic government, often in alliance with major business leaders, led by a disciplined party and headed by a dictatorial charismatic leader.	22
13757489007	Benito Mussolini	Italy fascist leader, who was made a prime minister by King Victor Emmanuel II. His organization were called Black Shirts.	23
13757489008	Adolf Hitler	Fascist leader in Germany.	24
13757489009	Nazi	A political party under Hitler who ordered to kill all the Jews.	25
13757489010	Weimar Republic	An elected government of both working and middle-class membership had succeeded the German monarchy which withdrew from power at the end of WWI.	26
13757489011	Mein Kampf	"My Struggle" written by Hitler in jail. Blamed Jews for losing WWI.	27
13757489012	Totalitarianism	A state in which one that seeks total control of economy, politics, media, and culture of the state under a single dictator or party.	28
13757489013	Francisco Franco	Spanish General, organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalist right wing party, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after 3 years of fighting.	29
13757489014	Lebensraum	In German "room for living". The claim was that Germany needed to expand and take over the land of its neighbors because its own land was overcrowded. Similar claims on neighbors land have been issued by nations throughout history.	30
13757489015	Sudetenland	The areas that Nazis tried to control.	31
13757489016	Winston Churchill	Prime Minister of England during WWII.	32
13757489017	Suez Canal	Ship canal dug across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinard de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyages between Europe and Asia. Its strategies importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.	33
13757489018	Tito	Yugoslavia statesman, who led the resistance to German occupation during WWII and established a communist state after the war. (1892-1980).	34
13757489019	Holocaust	A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non communist, homosexual, non Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.	35
13757489020	Elie Wiesel	Survival of the Holocaust and devoted his life to alternate the world to its horror so that it might never happen again. Unfortunately other smaller Holocaust continued to occur without effective external intervention.	36
13757489021	Nuremberg Trials	In Germany in 1945 and 1946 convened by United States, Great Britain, and France was to demonstrate that crime against humanity would be punished under international law in trials administered through public, systemic procedures.	37
13757489022	Berlin Blockade/Airlift	The blockade was a Soviet Union attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in Cold War and it led to Berlin Airlift.	38
13757489023	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization by Western Allies (28 members). 1949, it had 12 members Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.	39
13757489024	Warsaw Pact	Communist nation alliance, members include Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria.	40
13757489025	Aswan High Dam	Nasser concluded an agreement with Soviet Union accepting it's assistance in building this dam on Nile River, one of the largest hydroelectric project.	41
13757489026	Charles de Gaulle	New president of Republic, he maintained French rule in Algeria as long as possible.	42
13757489027	Fidel Castro	The revolutionary and dictator of Cuba. He supported Soviet foreign policy and almost made Cuba communist.	43
13757489028	Gamal Abdel Nasser	1952 he and Egyptian officers staged a coup, he became the president of Egypt, and he strongly advocated Pan-Arabism as well as non-alignment with United States or Soviet Union.	44
13757489029	Gulag	Chief Administrative of Corrective Labor Camp, a department of Soviet secret police founded in 1934 under Stalin. It ran a vast network of forced labor throughout USSR to which millions of citizens accused of "crimes against the state" were sent for punishment.	45
13757489030	Hydrogen bomb	In 1953 Russia made this one as well as United States in 1952.	46
13757489031	John F. Kennedy	President of the United States who threatened to use nuclear power if Soviet didn't remove it's missiles from Cuba.	47
13757489032	Leonid Brezhnev	Soviet statesman who became president of the Soviet Union.	48
13757489033	Mao Zedong	Communist leader during the Long March. He proposed the Great Leap Forward.	49
13757489034	McCarthyism	A strategy of attacking political opponents by labeling them unpatriotic or even treasonous, named for United States Senator Joseph McCarthy who employed it in his campaign against alleged communist.	50
13757489035	Nikita Khrushchev	He was the Soviet Union dictator, who stunned the country with his speech about Stalin's crimes against them and the crime against Party member.	51
13757489036	Nonaligned nations	Those stats, usually newly independent states, that chose not to take sides in Cold War between United States and USSR.	52
13757489037	OPEC	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries was created by oil-rich countries of Middle East.	53
13757489038	Proxy War	A war waged between dependent, client states of larger, more powerful states that do not become directly involved in fighting.	54
13757489039	Ruhollah Khomeini	Iranian Shite Muslim leader; known as Ayatollah Khomeini. He returned from exile in 1979 to lead on Islamic revolution that overthrew Shah.	55
13757489040	Sandinista	A member of a left wing party, Nicaragua, political organization, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) which came to power in 1979 after overthrowing the dictator Anastasio Somoza.	56
13757489041	Al-Qaeda	Islamic terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against United States.	57
13757489042	Boris Yeltsin	A leader who ends communism in made Soviet Union as Russia.	58
13757489043	Dolly (the sheep)	Was a female domestic sheep and the first mammal to be closed from an adult somatic cel, using the process of nuclear transfer.	59
13757489044	Fundamentalist	Someone who supports fundamentalism, the demand for a strict adherence to specific theological doctrines usually understood as a reaction against Modernist theology, combined with a vigorous attack on outside threats to their religious culture.	60
13757489045	Glasnost	A policy which called fro increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in Soviet Union was introduced by Gorbachev.	61
13757489046	Human Genome Project	It is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which makes UPA, DNA, and of identifying and mapping genes of human genomes.	62
13757489047	Mikhail Gorbachev	A former Soviet Union statesman, having served as a General Secretary of Communist Party of Soviet Union.	63
13757489048	Moral Majority	Was a political organization of United States which had agenda of evangelical Christians-oriented political lobbying.	64
13757489049	Osama Bin Laden	A founder of the Al-Qaeda responsible for September 11 attack on United States.	65
13757489050	Perestroika	Economic reconstruction, a moment with Communist Party of Soviet Union. The reconstructing of Soviet political and economic systems.	66
13757489051	Vladimir Putin	A Russian politician who served as the President of the Russia, he is currently the Prime Minister of Russia as of 2012. He had return of political stability and ending the crisis of 1990s.	67
13757489052	World Trade Organization	An organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade.	68
13757489053	African National Congress	In 1914 South African, political party established in 1912 by elites Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society, it only gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994.	69
13757489054	Anwar Sadat	1981, President of Egypt who jailed many of their members and had peace with Israel.	70
13757489055	Apartheid	A policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically.	71
13757489056	Ariel Sharon	Prime minister of Israel.	72
13757489057	Desmond Tutu	Leading spokesman of passive resistance to apartheid in the 1980s. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 for his attempt to replace apartheid with a racially equal South African society.	73
13757489058	Economic Union	Agreed to work together formulating a common foreign policy, a common defense policy, guidelines towards similar policies of assistance from wealthier members towards poor.	74
13757489059	Ethnic cleansing	A euphemism for genocides. The act of exiling or murdering minority groups from a given territory.	75
13757489060	European Community	EEC alliance formed by Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg in 1957 and dedicated to develop common trade policies and reduce tariffs.	76
13757489061	Hutu	A majority tribe in Rwanda.	77
13757489062	Intifida	An uprising led by young Palestinian who occupied the territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank also shared by the Israelis.	78
13757489063	Khmer Rouge	A communist guerrilla organization that opposed the Cambodian government in 1960s and waged a civil war from 1970, taking power n 1975.	79
13757489064	NAFTA	The North American Free Trade Agreement was signed in 1995 by Mexico, Canada, and United States. The goal was to have more closely integrated the countries economies by eliminating tariffs.	80
13757489065	Nelson Mandela	Former President of South Africa, leader of the African National Congress and stayed in prison for 27 years.	81
13757489066	Tiananmen Square	Square in the center of Beijing adjacent to the Forbidden city, the largest public open space in the world. In spring of 1989, government troops opened fire there on unarmed prodemocracy protesters, killing over 2,000 people.	82
13757489067	Tutsi	Ethnic tribe in minority in Rwanda, victims of genocides.	83
13757489068	Schlieffen Plan	Count von Schlieffen. 1833-1913, German field marshal, who devised the this Plan (1905): it was intended to ensure German victory over a Franco-Russian alliance by holding off Russia with minimal strength and swiftly defeating France by a massive flanking movement through the Low Countries. In a modified form, it was unsuccessfully employed in World War I (1914).	84
13757489069	Isolationism	A national policy of abstaining from political or economic relations with other countries.	85
13757489070	Red Army	Russian Krasnaya Armiya, Soviet army created by the Communist government after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The name was abandoned in 1946.	86
13757489071	Five Year Plan	State-directed plans, frequently prepared by communist governments, to control the economy and to direct its growth. They contrast with capitalist, laissez-faire, free-market economics, in which the government allows the forces of supply and demand to guide the market.	87
13757489072	Totalitarian	A state is one that seeks total control of the economy, politics, media, and culture of the state, under a single dictator. It does away with individual rights, proclaiming the rights of the state-as define by its dictator-superior to those of any individual or groups.	88
13757489073	Iron Curtain	Term introduced by Winston Churchill to describe the division of Europe by the Soviet Union spreading its areas of control in Central and Eastern Europe from Western Europe.	89
13757489074	NGOs	Non-governmental organization. Broadly any organization not controlled by the government, carrying out its own mission. Most commonly refers to voluntary organizations carrying out work of social and community service that the government cannot or does not do.	90
13757489075	Pogrom	A murderous attack on a group of people-usually based on their ethnicity or religion-that is sanctioned by the government, either officially or unofficially.	91
13757489076	Marshall Plan	An American program of economic assistance for rebuilding non communist Europe after WWII, proposed by United States Secretary of State George Marshall.	92
13757489077	Manhattan Project	The code name for the secret US project set up in 1942 to develop an atomic bomb.	93
13757489078	Brown Shirts	Nazi militia who terrorized citizens.	94
13757489079	Black Shirts	Fascist organization founded in Italy in Mar., 1919, by Benito Mussolini. It was the most distinctive part of their uniform. They were mainly discontented ex-soldiers. Ultranationalist, they posed as champions of law and order and violently attacked Communists, socialists, and other radical and progressive groups. They broke up strikes, destroyed trade union headquarters, and drove socialist and Communist officials from office.	95
13757489080	Appeasement	A policy of agreeing to the demands of a potentially hostile nation in order to maintain peace, specifically the British government's attitude to Hitler's Germany 1937-38.	96
13757489081	Treaty of Versailles	the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans.	97
13757489082	Harry S. Truman	The 33rd president of the United States (1945-1953). He authorized the use of the atomic bomb against Japan (1945), implemented the Marshall Plan (1948), initiated the establishment of NATO (1949), and ordered US involvement in the Korean War (1950-1953).	98
13757489083	Leon Trotsky	Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; he was ousted from the Communist Party by Stalin and eventually assassinated in Mexico (1879-1940).	99
13757489084	Chaing Kai Shek	Chinese military and political figure who led the Nationalists against the rising Communist forces and was driven from the mainland to Taiwan (1949), where he served as president of Nationalist China until his death.	100
13757489085	Cuban Missile Crisis	A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba; one of the "hottest" periods of the cold war. The Soviet premier, Nikita Khrushchev, placed Soviet military missiles in Cuba, which had come under Soviet influence since the success of the Cuban Revolution three years earlier. President John F. Kennedy of the United States set up a naval blockade of Cuba and insisted that Khrushchev remove the missiles. Khrushchev did.	101
13757489086	Bay of Pigs invasion	begins when a CIA-financed and -trained group of Cuban refugees lands in Cuba and attempts to topple the communist government of Fidel Castro.	102
13757489087	Ho Chi Minh	Vietnamese leader and first president of North Vietnam (1954-1969). His army was victorious in the French Indochina War (1946-1954), and he later led North Vietnam's struggle to defeat the US-supported government in South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh died before the reunification of Vietnam (1976).	103
13757489088	Ali Jinnah	Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948).	104
13757489089	Gamal Nasser	Egyptian army officer and politician who served as prime minister (1954-1956) and president (1956-1958 and 1961-1970) of Egypt and as president of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961). Egyptian statesman who nationalized the Suez Canal (1918-1970).	105
13757489090	PLO	Palestine Liberation Organization, founded 1964 in Jordan and dominated by Syria. Led by Yasser Arafat, it has mounted attacks on Israeli-occupied territory and has been involved in international terrorism.	106
13757489091	Yassir Arafat	Leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization who in 1996 was elected the first president of the Palestinian Authority, the newly formed Palestinian self-rule government. He shared the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres.	107
13757489092	Iran-Iraq War	War (1980-88) fought by Iran and Iraq, following the Iraqi invasion of disputed border territory in Iran. It ended indecisively with no important gains on either side: Iraq subsequently (1990) conceded the disputed territory. Also called: Gulf War. A dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution	108
13757489093	Persian Gulf War	war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991.	109
13757489094	Saddam Hussein	Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran; his invasion of Kuwait led to the Gulf War (born in 1937). Iraqi politician: president (1979-2003) and prime minister (1994-2003) of Iraq. He led Iraq into the Iran-Iraq War (1980-88) and the Gulf War (1991) but was deposed and captured in the US-led invasion of 2003; executed 2006.	110
13757489095	Atatürk	First president of Turkey, set about to modernize and westernized Turkey including making it more secular. Drove out foreign troops until Turkey was recognized as independent state in Treaty of Lausanne.	111
13757489096	Creole	In colonial Spanish American, a term used to describe some of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term used to describe all nonnative people.	112
13757489097	Darbar	A showy convocation of notables paying obedience to and receiving gifts from the most powerful political leaders, a mean of demonstrating and ratifying the relative position of each.	113
13757489098	Guomindang	Nationalist Party of China that governed China after 1928. They promoted a measure of modern development that was largely limited to the cities. Japan's brutal invasion of China forced this party to retreat into the interior, where they became dependent on conservative landlords, and eventually lost their power to the Communists Party.	114
13757489099	Mestizo	The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed American Indians and European descent.	115
13757489100	Porfirio Díaz	Mexico dictator, encouraged foreign investment but most people were poor and landless.	116
13757489101	Zaibatsu	Huge holding companies or conglomerates came to control much of the Japanese economy and were very influential in politics.	117
13757489102	Alexander Solzhenitsyn	Russian author critical of the Soviet regime but also of Western Materialism: published trilogy on the Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago.	118
13757489103	Bandung Conference	Conference in which representative from 29 governments of Asian and African nations gathered in Bandung. Indonesia to discuss peace and the role of the Third World in the Cold War, economic development and decolonization.	119
13757489104	IMF	International Monetary Fund, provided short-term loans for countries that were having difficulties meeting their balance of payment obligations.	120
13757489105	Patrice Lumumba	Congolese nationalist and first prime minister of the Congo after independence of 1960.	121
13757489106	Solidarity	Independent trade union movement in Poland that developed into a mass campaign for political change and inspired popular opposition to communist regimes across Eastern Europe during the 1980s.	122
13757489107	Branch Davidians	A Protestant sect that organized from a schism; this branch has many theological beliefs in common with Messianic Judaism.	123
13757489108	David Koresh	Was the leader of a Branch Davidian religious sect, believing to be its final prophet.	124
13757489109	Hindutva	Term to describe the movement advocating Hindu nationalism.	125
13757489110	Jerry Falwell	Was an evangelical fundamentalist southern Baptist televangelist and a conservative commentator from United States. He was the funding paster of a Baptist Church and academy. Liberate university and cofounded Moral Majority.	126
13757489111	John Paul II	Reigned as Pope of Catholic Church. He was instrumental and ended communism and improved Catholic Church relations.	127
13757489112	John XXIII	Headed the Catholic Church and ruled Vatican City until death. He was the second Vatican council.	128
13757489113	L.K. Advani	A veteran Indian politician, a former president of the Bharatiya Janta Party he also served as a Deputy Prime Minister of India.	129
13757489114	Liberation theology	A political movement in Christian theology which interprets teaching of Jesus Christ in terms of liberation from unjust economic, political, and social conditions.	130
13757489115	Oscar Romero	Was a bishop of Catholic Church in El Salvador, he was assassinated.	131
13757489116	Vatican II	Addressed relations between the Roma Catholic Church and the modern world. It was 20th century first Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church.	132
13757489117	World Social Forum	Is an annual meeting of civil society organization which offers a self conscious effort to develop an alternative solution.	133
13757489118	Balfour Declaration	Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917, favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.	134
13757489119	Chiapas Uprising	In 1994, poorly equipped guerrilla force of 800 peasants/Indians took over several towns in Mexican regions of Chiapas.	135
13757489120	Common Market	A group of countries that have eliminated tariffs and harmonized trading rules to facilitate the free flow of goods among the nation's members.	136
13757489121	Deng Xiaoping	In control in China for 2 decades, policy of free-market, capitalistic economy, with minimum government intervention called economic liberalism.	137
13757489122	Jean Monnet	First president of European Coal and Steel Community also known as the "Father of Europe".	138
13757489123	Jiang Zemin	Farmer General Secretary of Communist Party of China.	139
13757489124	Laurent Kabila	President of Democratic Republic of Congo.	140
13757489125	Mandal Commission	"Identity the socially or economically backward" intended to redress caste discrimination.	141
13757489126	Slobodan Milosevic	Former President of Serbia, responsible for ethnic cleaning.	142
13757489127	Armenian Genocide	campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against this group subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I (1914-18).	143
13757489128	Cambodian Genocide	refers to the attempt of Khmer Rouge party leader "Pol Pot" to nationalize and centralize the peasant farming society of this country virtually overnight, in accordance with the Chinese Communist agricultural model. (1975-79).	144
13757489129	Rwanda Genocide	From April to July 1994, members of the Hutu ethnic majority in the east-central African nation of Rwanda murdered as many as 800,000 people, mostly of the Tutsi minority.	145
13757489130	Darfar Genocide	refers to the current mass slaughter and rape of this country's men, women, and children in Western Sudan. The killings began in 2003, as the first genocide in the 21st century. Unrest and violence persist today.	146