AP Language Summer Work Flashcards

14666596574	Alliteration	the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. ex.) She sells seashells by the sea-shore.	0
14666609619	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event.	1
14666613372	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.	2
14666616989	Anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.	3
14666620938	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting or humorous event.	4
14666632616	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.	5
14666636810	Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers.	6
14666640731	antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.	7
14666644050	Antithesis	parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.	8
14666645416	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth.	9
14666648990	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.	10
14666655982	archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.	11
14666658016	argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence	12
14666659920	Aristotelian triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	13
14666661754	assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.	14
14666663653	assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.	15
14666665545	Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.	16
14666667174	attidude	the speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone.	17
14666672282	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	18
14666675239	authority	A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.	19
14666675240	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	20
14666677703	cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	21
14666679268	claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence	22
14666684557	close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.	23
14666686327	colloquial	An informal or conversational use of language.	24
14666688130	common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions.	25
14666690178	complex sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	26
14666692032	concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.	27
14666693290	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning	28
14666698316	context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	29
14666699267	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.	30
14666700295	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument	31
14666701928	cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	32
14666722717	declaritive sentence	a sentence that makes a statement	33
14666724079	deduction	reasoning from general to specific	34
14666730328	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.	35
14666735898	diction	word choice	36
14666737070	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.	37
14666737754	elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.	38
14666741367	epigram	A brief witty statement.	39
14666750532	ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	40
14666751925	figurative language	the use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	41
14666777717	figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.	42
14666779434	Hyperbole	exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	43
14666785905	imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).	44
14666791149	Imparitive sentence	a sentence that requests or commands.	45
14666794244	Induction	reasoning from specific to general	46
14666796104	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	47
14666797502	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.	48
14666799909	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	49
14666801459	Logos	A Greek word meaning "word," an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's 3 rhetorical appeals. (ethos and pathos are the other 2)	50
14666810781	Metaphor	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.	51
14666813672	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.	52
14666814650	occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.	53
14666816139	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	54
14666820515	Paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	55
14666820531	Parallelism	the repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	56
14666826491	parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	57
14666828091	pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	58
14666832132	Persona	the speaker,voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	59
14666858432	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	60
14666896756	polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion	61
14666913026	Polysyndeton	Deliberate use of many conjunctions	62
14666934314	premise	major, minor Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals.	63
14666937185	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	64
14666938821	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	65
14666942524	refute	to discredit an argument.	66
14666944706	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."	67
14666947345	rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	68
14666956324	rhetorical question	A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.	69
14666958479	rhetorical triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	70
14666959832	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	71
14666961931	scheme	sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	72
14666964185	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	73
14666965341	Sentence Variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.	74
14666966694	Simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	75
14666967489	simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	76
14667003723	source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	77
14667005462	speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	78
14667006870	straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.	79
14667006871	style	the distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.	80
14667012339	subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	81
14667013716	subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.	82
14667025682	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	83
14667029404	Syntax	Sentence structure	84
14667031090	synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	85
14667033227	thesis	the primary position taken by a writer or speaker	86
14667033228	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	87
14667034189	topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	88
14667072184	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.	89
14667073598	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	90
14667074866	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	91
14667077603	zeguma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence.	92