AP Psych Unit 2 Flashcards

14886474921	Parts of a neuron		0
15056520382	cell body	the cell's life support center, contains nucleus	1
15056520383	dendrite	the branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body, "selectively permeable"	2
15056542729	axon	the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass away from the cell body to other neurons or to muscles or glands	3
15056546115	myelin sheath	fatty covering around axon, speeds neural impulses, deterioration can lead to multiple sclerosis	4
15056548644	glial cells	-provide support, nutrition, insulation to help with neural connections -"worker bees" -influence learning, thinking, memory	5
15056567950	action potential	-the firing of the neuron, selfing info through the axon in the form of an electrical charge -neurotransmitters released by terminal button -resti	6
15056571737	threshold	the minimum stimulation that must be reached to fire the neuron	7
15056575784	excitatory	these neurotransmitters push gas pedal	8
15056577752	inhibitory	these neurotransmitters push the breaks	9
15056580662	refractory period	the brief recharging period after action potential	10
15056583257	all-or-none principle	the law that the neuron either fires at 100% or not at all	11
15056587286	Synapse	the gap between neurons where NTMs are passed	12
15056605411	Serotonin	-mood, hunger, sleep -depression (inhibitory)	13
15056592184	neurotransmitter	-chemicals used in neural communication -released during action potential	14
15056595284	Acetylcholine	-motor movement and memory -Alzheimer's (both inhibitory and excitatory)	15
15056643840	Norepinephrine	alertness and arousal (excitatory)	16
15056634755	Glutamate	-memory, brain activity -too much=headaches (excitatory)	17
15056645818	GABA	-sleep, relieve anxiety -too little=insomnia (inhibitory)	18
15056606400	endorphins	-pain, positive emotions -natural morphine (inhibitory)	19
15056602310	Dopamine	-emotion, movement, attention -Schizophrenia and Parkinson's (both inhibitory and excitatory)	20
15056596938	reuptake	when NTMs that don't pass to next neuron are reabsorbed into the sending neurons	21
15056613391	agonist	mimics neurotransmitter	22
15056623057	Antagonist	blocks neurotransmitter	23
15056627062	nervous system	all neurons of the body taken altogether to provide a communication network	24
15056665979	sensory neurons	neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord	25
15056669631	motor neurons	neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement	26
15056670190	Interneurons	Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs	27
15056670191	central nervous system	-processes, interprets, stores info -issues orders to muscles, glands, organs -brain and spinal cord -encased in bone for protection	28
15056673052	peripheral nervous system	-transmits info to and from CNS -neurons that connect the CNS with the rest of the body -all the rest of the nerves	29
15056680195	somatic nervous system	controls voluntary movements	30
15056686623	autonomic nervous system	controls glands and muscles of internal organs that operate involuntarily	31
15056689183	Sypathetic Nervous System	fight or flight -mobilizes body for action and energy output	32
15056691542	parasympathetic nervous system	rest and digest -conserves energy, maintains quiet state	33
15056695861	Nerves	neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs	34
15056698921	reflex	automatic response to a sensory stimulus -single sensory, motor, and interneuron -does not involve brain	35
15056702488	endocrine system	body's chemical messenger system that secrets hormones into the bloodstream	36
15056704687	hormones	-chemical messengers used by endocrine system -move slower than NTMs -last longer -move through bloodstream	37
15056707811	adrenal glands	-secretes hormones in reaction to stress -activates sympathetic nervous system with adrenaline	38
15056716942	Epinephrine	adrenaline, released by stress	39
15056717369	fight or flight response	the initial reaction of the body to stress during the alarm stage	40
15056720044	pituitary gland	-master gland -most important -controls all responses of the endocrine system	41
15056725474	Phineas Gage	railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function	42
15056730555	lesion	tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue	43
15056733945	EEG	-a single line that charts your brain activity of billions of neurons -detects rapid changes in electrical activity -can isolate left vs right brain activity but can't pinpoint exact location (electroencephalography and electroencephalogram)	44
15056733946	CT scan	-x ray images of brain -swelling, bleeding, brain tumors (computed tomography)	45
15056734784	PET scan	-red hot spots show which brain areas are most active as person performs tasks -person receives temporarily radioactive glucose (positron emission tomography)	46
15056734785	MRI	magnetic imaging of soft tissue (magnetic resonance imaging)	47
15056734786	fMRI	-detects blood rushing to back of the brain -how the brain divides its labor	48
15056736000	Brainstem	responsible for vital autonomic functions -oldest part of the brain	49
15056736001	medulla	part of brain that regulates basic body functions including breathing, blood pressure, heart rate	50
15056736002	pons	relay signals to cerebellum to coordinate movements -sleep, breathing, posture and balance, bladder control, etc. -bridge connects cerebellum to cerebrum (2 hemispheres)	51
15056736529	thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard -it directs all incoming and outgoing sensory and motor traffic except smell	52
15056736530	reticular formation	bundle of nerve cells that runs through the brain stem -controls arousal of the brain -will lead to INSTANT COMA if severed	53
15056737520	cerebellum	coordination and balance -little brain -all physical movement	54
15056737521	limbic system	give humans the capability for emotions and memory -associated with emotions such as fear, aggression, and drives of hunger and sex -HAH (Hippocampus, Amygdala, Hypothalamus)	55
15056737526	amygdala	fear and aggression -enhances memory of emotional information -flashbulb memories	56
15056738496	Hypothalamus	body maintenance -boss of pituitary gland -homeostasis, sleep regulation, pleasure center	57
15056738497	Hippocampus	controls ability to create new memories -not where memories are stored! -helps connect emotions and senses to memories -flashbulb memories	58
15056810224	cerebral cortex	brains ultimate information processing center -tightly packed neurons -higher thought, communication	59
15056810225	frontal lobes	has motor cortex -movement -reasoning, planning, judgement	60
15056810226	prefrontal cortex	cortex that involves attention, working memory, decision making, appropriate social behavior, and personality	61
15056811342	motor cortex	cortex that processes information about voluntary movement	62
15056811343	parietal lobes	has the somato(sensory) cortex -sense of touch -mathematical reasoning	63
15056812818	sensory cortex	cortex that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations	64
15056814650	occipital lobes	has the visual cortex -visual functions -eyes in the back of your head	65
15056815812	visual cortex	cortex that processes visual info	66
15056819077	temporal lobes	has auditory cortex -hearing but also involved in speech -by the ears -contains hippocampus, so involved in memory formation	67
15056819078	auditory cortex	cortex that processes sound information	68
15056820147	association areas	responsible for functions outside of what is specifically assigned (learning, memory, decision-making)	69
15056820818	Plasticity	the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience	70
15056820819	neurogenesis	ability of brain to generate more neurons	71
15056822270	aphasia	impairment of language	72
15056822271	Broca's area	ability to speak -left frontal lobe	73
15056822272	Wernicke's area	language comprehension -left temporal lobe -can speak but often meaningless words	74
15056823487	corpus callosum	nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain	75
15056823488	split brain procedure	severing the corpus callosum -epilepsy	76
15056824132	brain lateralization	specialization of function in each hemisphere	77
15056824615	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment	78
15056824616	cognitive neuroscience	A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.	79
15056825517	dual processing	principle that info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks	80
15056825518	behavior genetics	study of influence of genetics and environment on our behavior	81
15056826162	environment	culture, edu, nutrition, parent/peer influence	82
15056826163	chromosomes	made of DNA, contains genes -located in nucleus -we have 23	83
15056826931	DNA	holds our unique genetic characteristics	84
15056826932	genes	our codes for life -specific human traits -dominant or recessive -environmental impacts can turn on impact of genes	85
15056826933	genome	complete sent of DNA, including genes -info needed to build and maintain organism	86
15056827593	identical twins (monozygotic twins)	twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms	87
15056827594	fraternal twins (dizygotic)	twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs; no genetically closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment	88
15056829948	Heritability	how much the differences between people are result of genes	89
15056829949	interaction	effect of the environment depends on the presence of genes that influence traits -switch must be turned on	90
15056830433	molecular genetics	studies structure and function of specific genes that influence behavior or cause disease/disorders	91
15056830434	Epigenetics	study of environmental factors that influence genes turning on and off	92
15056831491	evolutionary psychology	studies origins of behavior and mental processes -adaptive or survival value	93
15056831492	natural selection	survival of the fittest -adaptive traits are passed on to ongoing generations to help survival and reproduction	94
15056832177	Mutation	error in gene replication that changes DNA	95
15056832178	social scripts	culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations	96