AP Vocab Flashcards

13894160716	stratified sampling	a variation of random sampling; the population is divided into subgroups and weighted based on demographic characteristics of the national population	0
13894174600	cluster sampling	A probability sampling technique in which clusters of participants within the population of interest are selected at random, followed by data collection from all individuals in each cluster.	1
13894179747	systematic sampling	select some starting point and then select every kth element in the population	2
13894184059	simple random sample	every member of the population has a known and equal chance of selection	3
13894188663	convinience sampling	what comes easiest to the observer/recorder	4
13894193268	experiment	a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis	5
13894196755	Observation	the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information.	6
13894200645	non-response bias	bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond	7
13894210526	standard deviation	a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	8
13894216559	Outlier	A value much greater or much less than the others in a data set	9
13894220681	inter-quartile range	Q3-Q1	10
13894223797	sampling distribution	the distribution of values taken by the statistic in all possible samples of the same size from the same population	11
13894228155	Empirical Rule	68%, 95%, 99.7%	12
13894232002	Randomization	a process of randomly assigning subjects to different treatment groups	13
13894232003	control group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	14
13894237101	treatment group	the participants in an experiment who are exposed to the level of the independent variable that involves a medication, therapy, or intervention	15
13894241494	type one error	Accepting the experimental hypothesis when the results are down to chance/fluke	16
13894241495	type two error	NOT rejecting null hypothesis when in fact we should have rejected it - a false negative	17
13894247546	lurking variable/confounding variable	a variable that can affect the interpretation of relationships between variables	18
13894266559	Replication	repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances	19
13894266560	Blocking	arranging of experimental units in groups that are similar to one another	20
13894277126	power test	The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis	21
13894282523	Parameter	(n.) a determining or characteristic element; a factor that shapes the total outcome; a limit, boundary	22
13894286533	statistic	a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample	23
13894286534	mutually exclusive	Events that cannot occur at the same time.	24
13894291133	independent	free from outside control; not depending on another's authority.	25
13894295944	Population	group of individuals of the same category	26
13894303484	Sample	a subset of the population	27