AP Biology Proteins & Enzymes Flashcards

14767329086	Antibodies	Defensive proteins	0
14767329087	Peptide bonds	Bonds between amino acids in protein; formed between a carboxyl group and an amino group; with the loss of a water molecule	1
14767329088	Amino acid	contains NH₂ and COOH groups; proteins are polymers of amino acids	2
14767329089	Primary structure	The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein; sequence determined by DNA	3
14767329090	Secondary structure	protein structure formed by Hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of nearby amino acids α helix - spiral structure β pleated sheet - folded structure	4
14767329091	Tertiary structure	Level of protein structure caused by hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic and ionic interactions of the R groups of amino acids	5
14767329092	Quaternary structure	Level of protein structure caused by the combination of two or more polypeptide chains, to form a complete unit	6
14767329093	Environmental conditions that affect protein structure	high temperature, pH, salt, toxins	7
14767329094	Denaturation	Loss of activity of an enzyme as a result of structural changes caused by heat, pH, etc.	8
14767329095	Catalysts	A chemical substance that speeds up a reaction without itself being consumed in the overall course of the reaction; catalysts lower activation energy of a reaction	9
14767329096	Activation energy	The energy required for a chemical reaction to occur	10
14767329097	Metabolism	Total of all the chemical reactions that occur in a biological system	11
14767329098	Catabolism	The breakdown of substances; example hydrolysis	12
14767329099	Anabolism	The formation of new substances` example dehydration synthesis	13
14767329100	Enzymes	Globular proteins that act as catalysts (activators or accelerators) for metabolic reactions Substrate-specific Unchanged as a result of a reaction	14
14767329101	Substrate	The substance or substances upon which the enzyme acts; also called reactants	15
14767329102	Enzyme-substrate complex (ES)	An intermediate in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction; consists of the enzyme bound to its substrate	16
14767329103	Active site	The region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds, and where the reaction occurs	17
14767329104	Induced-fit model	Interaction of the reactants (substrate) and the enzyme causes the enzyme to change shape	18
14767329105	Two types of activators (co-factors & co-enzymes)	1) Inorganic co-factors - Often metal ions, like Fe²⁺ and Mg²⁺, that assist enzymes 2) Coenzymes - organic molecules that an enzyme needs to catalyze a reaction	19
14767329106	Allosteric regulation	A non-substrate molecule binds or modifies a site other than the active site of an enzyme (the allosteric site), inducing the enzyme to change its shape	20
14767329107	Feedback inhibition	An end product of a series of reactions acts as an allosteric inhibitor, shutting down one of the enzymes catalyzing the reaction rates	21
14767329108	Competitive inhibition	A substance that inhibits an enzyme by occupying the active site	22
14767329109	Noncompetitive inhibition	A substance inhibits the action of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme at a location other than the active site (i.e. the allosteric one)	23
14767329110	-ase	common suffix (ending) for enzymes	24
14767329111	lipase	enzyme that breaks down lipids	25
14767329112	catalase	enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide in cells forming water and oxygen	26
14767329113	Enzymes	catalytic proteins regulate the rate of chemical reactions	27
14767329114	Receptor proteins	receive and respond to molecular signals from inside and outside the organism	28
14767329115	Storage proteins	store chemical building blocks	29
14767329116	Transport proteins	transport materials into and out of the cells	30