AP Psychology - THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

13545412573	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
13545412574	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
13545412575	Prototype	a standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!)	2
13545412576	algorithm	a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem	3
13545412577	Heuristic	a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem	4
13545412578	Insight	A cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution	5
13545412579	Creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	6
13545412580	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	7
13545412581	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	8
13545412582	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
13545412583	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?)	10
13545412584	Representative heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information	11
13545412585	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	12
13545412586	Overconfidence	total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant	13
13545412587	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	14
13545412588	Intuition	instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)	15
13545412589	Framing	the way an issue is posed	16
13545412590	Language	spoken, written or signed words, and the ways we use them to communicate.	17
13545412591	Phoneme	(linguistics) the smallest distinctive unit of sound	18
13545412592	Morpheme	smallest meaningful language unit	19
13545412593	Grammar	a system of linguistic rules that enables communication	20
13545412594	Semantics	the study of language meaning	21
13545412595	Syntax	the rules for grammatical arrangement of words in sentences	22
13545412596	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.	23
13545412597	One-word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	24
13545412598	Two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	25
13545412599	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	26
13545412600	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	27
13545412601	Noam Chomsky	American linguist whose theory of generative grammar argued that language and grammar are innate, that we have a language acquisition device built in.	28
13545412602	B.F Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments	29
13545412603	Benjamin Whorf	Linguist who theorized the concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought	30