ap Flashcards

9473030568	Bones that manubrium articulate with? What type of joints are they?	Clavicle, 1st and 2nd paird of ribs. Synovial, Cartilaginous, Synovial	0
9473040704	Bones that the body of sternum articulate with?	2nd to 7th pair of ribs Synovial	1
9473047940	What are these joint disorders? Osteoarthritis Rheomatoid Arthritis Gouty Arthritis	Wear and tear autoimmune uric acid	2
9473087704	Fibrous joint?	Dense connective; immovable.	3
9473089362	Cartilaginous joint?	Hyaline or fibrocartilage, immovable	4
9473094818	Synovial joint? (Most joints)	Freely movable, hinge, pivot, ball and socket. Ulna-humerus, atlas-axis, Scapula-humerus	5
9473099433	Characteristics of synovial joints?	Membrane, cavity, fluid, articular cartilage, ligament	6
9473102875	Flexion?	Bending of limb or joint	7
9473112975	Extension	Straightening (Opposite of flexion)	8
9473125054	Abduction	Moving away from body	9
9473128156	Adduction	Moving towards body	10
9473128157	Dorsiflexion	Foot going up	11
9473130892	Plantar flexion	Foot going down	12
9473133938	Inversion	Movement towards the body	13
9473135967	Eversion	Movement away from the body	14
9473168141	Structure of sarcolemma?	Plasma membrane	15
9473169910	Myoglobin?	Store O2	16
9473169911	Glycosome	Glycogen Granule	17
9473171593	SR	Store Ca2+	18
9473173102	T Tubule?	Continuous with sarcolemma; closely associate with SR	19
9473179655	Myofibril is made up of?	Thin and thick filament, Z disc and M line	20
9473182747	What is the thin filament made up of?	Actin, tropomyosin, troponin	21
9473185390	What is the thick filament made up of?	Myosin and titin	22
9473187821	What does tropomyosin do?	Block myosin binding sites	23
9473189368	What does troponin do?	Bind to Ca2+ to unblock the myosin binding site	24
9473190884	What does titin do?	Resists over-stretching	25
9473192725	What are the Z disc and M line?	Protein networks	26
9473232530	What is the A band?	Dark band of sarcomere	27
9473336920	I band?	Pale band	28
9473338425	Sarcomere	Contains the pale and dark band	29
9473343472	Neuromuscular junction?	Interaction between motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell	30
9473458211	Neurotransmitter released at neuromusclar junction?	ACh which is removed by acetylcholinesterase	31
9473461692	AP generation on sarcolemma?	AP at axon terminal - Ca2+ influx - ACh exocytosis - ACh binds to receptor - Chemical gated Na+ channels open - Na+ influx - Depolarization - voltaged-gated Na+ channels open - Na+ influx - threshold potential - positive feedback - depolarized to AP - voltaged gated K+ channels open - K+ efflux - repolarization	32
9473505258	Cross bridge cycle	1. AP goes along T tubule and opens Ca2+ channels in SR 2. Ca2+ enters cytosol and binds to troponin 3. Tropomyosin shifts position to expose binding sites 4. Myosin head binds to actin 5. Power stroke of myosin head causes sliding	33
9473555994	Function of ATP in cross bridge cycle?	ATP allows myosin to detach from actin (rigormortis without ATP) Hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and P, provides energy: Low energy into higher energy state	34
9473826956	Does cross bridge cycle stop immediately after AP disappears?	Not until Ca2+ returns to SR	35
9473830164	What is shortened during isotonic contraction?	Sarcomere	36
9473878693	Structure of muscle sheath?	Dense fibrous connective tissue	37
9473881520	Epimysium structure?	Enclose the whole muscle	38
9473881521	Perimysium structure?	Enclose each fascicle	39
9474030912	Endomysium	Encloses each muscle fiber	40
9474032451	Motor unit?	Made up of motor neurons	41
9476160286	Muscle fatigue	Decline in ability of a muscle to generate force	42
9476177465	Muscle tone	Continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles	43
9476196577	Isometric Contraction	Of or involving muscular contraction against resistance in which the length of the muscle remains the same.	44
9476208724	Isotonic Contraction	Of or involving muscular contraction against resistance in which the length of the muscle changes. Antonym is isometric. Isotonic movements are either concentric (working muscle shortens) or eccentric (working muscle lengthens).	45
9476228182	Name and describe three periods of muscle twitch?	Latent - The latent period is the time from when the stimulus is delivered to the first indications of contraction in the muscle Contraction - The contraction period, or contraction time, is the time it takes the muscle to reach its peak contraction after the latent period. Relaxation - The relaxation period is the time the muscle takes to return to resting tension after reaching its peak contraction.	46
9476268699	Define wave summation	Second stimulus before relaxation causes increased force	47
9476336988	Fused tetanus	Smooth, sustained contraction (under high frequency stimuli)	48
9476381729	How does the muscle respond to increased strength of stimulus?	Recruitment of motor units (Subthreshold, threshold, maximal)	49
9476506640	How is ATP generated for muscle?	CP Pathway (Donate p to ADP) Anaerobic glycolysis (produces lactic acid) Aerobic pathway (cellular respiration, produce the most ATP) 60% energy from ATP hydrolysis is wasted as heat	50
9476516175	What affects contraction force in a given muscle?	Size of muscle fiber, recruitment, frequency of stiumli, optimal length	51
9476535763	Slow Fibers	Red, aerobic pathway, slow fatigue	52
9476543236	Fast fibers	White, anaerobic glycolysis, fast fatigue. A muscle usually has mixed fiber types. Fibers in one motor unit are the same type	53
9476547506	What makes a given muscle contract fast?	Less load, recruit more muscle fibers, more fast fibers (through resistance exercise)	54
9476553542	What makes a given muscle contract for longer duration?	Less load, recruit more muscle fibers, more slow fibers (through endurance exercise)	55
9476555763	Why are some muscles more powerful than others?	Contain more muscle fibers	56
9476604452	Smooth muscle	No T tubule, poor SR, Ca2+ mainly from outside Gap junctions; Use Less ATP Stimulation: by nerve (through varicosities); by chemicals.	57
9476655165	Origin	The fixed attachment (doesnt move)	58
9476727744	Insertion		59