AP Histology Flashcards

15305425992	Histology (microscopic anatomy)	the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs	0
15305425993	cell junctions	The connection between one cell and another (cell attachment)	1
15305425994	Cell junction types	gap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes	2
15305425995	all cells except for what are anchored to each other or their matrix by intercellular junctions	blood	3
15305425996	Gap junctions (communicating junctions)	binding of membrane permit chemical or electrical signals pass from cell to cell -HEART MUSCLE	4
15305425997	Tight junctions	Fusion of outer layer, Fluid tight seal, Difficult to pass through; found in the GI (digestive) and urinary tracts	5
15305425998	Desmosomes	held together by network of filament, more like a snap on a pair of jeans	6
15305425999	4 primary tissues	epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous	7
15305426000	epi	above	8
15305426001	simple epithelium	single layer of cells	9
15305426002	Stratified epithelium	several layers of cells	10
15305426003	Squamous	thin and flat	11
15305426004	Cuboidal	hexagonal	12
15305426005	Columnar	tall and slender	13
15305426006	Simple squamous epithelium	single layer of flat cells; rapid diffusion of substances; ALVEOLI (RESPIRATORY) ENDOTHELIUM (INNER LINING OF HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS)	14
15305426007	simple cuboidal epithelium	Single row cube-shaped cells with microvilli; Absorption and secretion, mucus production; LIVER, THYROID GLAND, and KIDNEY TUBULES	15
15305426008	simple columnar epithelium	Single row of tall narrow cells; absorption and secretion, mucus secretion; LINING OF DIGESTIVE TRACT	16
15305426009	Pseudostratified epithelium	Single row of cells some not reaching free surface, gives layer stratified look; TRACHEA (RESPIRATORY)	17
15305426010	pseudo	false, fake	18
15305426011	Two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia	keratinized and nonkeratinized	19
15305426012	Keratinized	found on skin surface, abrasion resistant	20
15305426013	nonkeratinized	lacks surface layer of dead cells	21
15305426014	keratinized stratified squamous -EPITHELIUM	Multilayered epithelium covered with dead squamous cells, packed with keratin (epidermal layer of skin); delay water loss and barrier to organisms	22
15305426015	nonkeratinized stratified squamous-EPITHELIUM	multilayered without surface layers of dead cells; TONGUE ORAL MUCOSA ESOPHAGUS VAGINA	23
15305426016	stratified cuboidal epithelium	Two or more cell layers(surface cells square) Secretes sweat, produces sperm and ovarian hormones; SWEAT GLAND DUCTS	24
15305426017	transitional epithelium	Multilayered epithelium surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched allows for filling of urinary tract URETER and bladder	25
15305426018	connective tissue divided into 3 classes	fibrous connective tissue, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue	26
15305426019	connective tissue consists of	cells, fibers, ground substance (fluid)	27
15305426020	connective tissue functions	-connects organs -gives support and protection (physical and immune) -stores energy and produces heat -movement and transport of materials	28
15305859541	fibroblasts	produce fibers and ground substance	29
15305859542	Macrophages	activate immune system	30
15305859543	Leukocytes	white blood cells	31
15305859544	plasma cells	produce antibodies	32
15305859545	mast cells	releasing substances, including heparin and histamine	33
15305859546	herapin	prevents blood clotting	34
15305859547	Histamine	dilates blood vessels	35
15305859548	Adipocystes	store triglycerides	36
15305859549	collagen fibers	white fibers; deep layer of the skin	37
15305859550	reticular fibers	SPLEEN AND LYMPH NODES	38
15305859551	elastic fibers (yellow fibers)	SKIN, LUNGS AND ARTERIES	39
15305859552	loose connective tissue	areolar, adipose, reticular	40
15305859553	dense connective tissue	dense regular and dense irregular	41
15305859554	areolar tissue	Loose arrangement of fibers and cells in abundant ground substance, SURROUNDS BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES	42
15305859555	reticular tissue	-Loose network of reticular fibers and cells -Forms framework for lymphatic organs -Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow	43
15305859556	adipose tissue (fat)	empty looking cells ; energy storage insulation and cushioning	44
15305859557	white fat	main type (only fat in adults)	45
15305859558	brown fat	produces heat	46
15305859560	dense regular connective tissue	-Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers -Compressed fibroblast nuclei -Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together	47
15325621476	Dense irregular connective tissue	Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells Locations: DERMIS (deep layer of skin)	48
15325621477	supportive connective tissue types	cartilage and bone	49
15325621478	different types of cartilage	hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage	50
15325621479	hyaline cartilage	clear, glassy appearance because of fineness of collagen fibers found in: ARTICULAR CARTILAGE (end of long bones), COSTAL CARTILAGE (ribs), TRACHEA, LARYNX, FETAL SKELETON	51
15325621480	elastic cartilage	abundance of elastic fibers provides flexible elastic support EXTERNAL EAR and EPIGLOTTIS	52
15325621481	Fibrocartilage	large coarse bundles of collagen fibers resists compression and absorbs shock found in: PUBIC SYMPHYSIS(pelvic), INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS (vertebrae)	53
15325621482	osseous tissue	bone tissue; a calcifies connective tissue	54
15325621483	Two forms of osseous tissue	spongy bone and compact bone	55
15325621484	spongy bone	spongy in appearance	56
15325621485	compact bone	solid in appearance	57
15325621486	Bone Tissue (compact bone)	Calcified matrix in lamellae around central canal ;Osteocytes in lacunae between lamellae FUNCTION: Skeletal support; leverage for muscles; mineral storage	58
15325621487	Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood	some with nuclei; found in heart and blood vessels; variety of cells and cell fragments	59
15325621488	fluid portion of blood	plasma	60
15325621489	Erythrocytes	red blood cells	61
15325621490	Platelets	blood clotting	62
15325621491	Leukocytes	WBC; defense immune system	63
15325621492	nerve tissue	Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signal	64
15325621493	neurons	nerve cells	65
15325621494	Neuroglia	glial cells	66
15325621495	elongated cells that are Specialized to contract in response to stimulation	muscular tissue	67
15325621496	3 types of muscle tissue	skeletal, cardiac, smooth	68
15325621497	skeletal muscle	voluntary, striated, long, unbranched cells with multiple peripheral nuclei; covers bones	69
15325621498	cardiac muscle	Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.	70
15325621499	smooth muscle	Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body; only 1 central nucleus	71
15325621500	exocrine glands	Ducts that carry products OUT (EXITS) to the epithelial surface	72
15325621501	endocrine glands	secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream	73
15325621502	simple glands	unbranched duct	74
15325621503	compound glands	branched duct	75
15325621504	Shape of gland	acinar, tubuloacinar	76
15325621505	serous glands	produce thin, watery secretions	77
15325621506	mucous glands	secrete mucins	78
15325621507	cytogenic glands release	-whole cells -sperm and egg cells	79
15325621508	Three methods of secretion	merocrine, apocrine, holocrine	80
15325621509	Holocrine	secretory cells begin to burst and product released	81
15325621510	merocrine glands	release fluid by exocytosis	82
15325621511	apocrine glands	merocrine glands with confusing appearance	83
15325621512	epithelial and connective tissues combine to form______ to cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body	membranes	84
15325621513	4 types of membranes	mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial	85
15325621514	tissue growth	increasing the number of cells or size of existing cells	86
15325621515	Hyperplasia	increase in cell number	87
15325621516	hypertrophy	increase in cell size	88
15325621517	Neoplasia	development of a tumor	89
15325621518	Metaplasia	changing from one type of mature tissue to another	90
15325621519	Tissue Shrinkage and Death	atrophy, necrosis	91
15325621520	tissue repair	regeneration and fibrosis	92
15325621521	Changes in Tissue Types	differentiation and metaplasia * tissues can change types within certain limits*	93