thinking and language unit ap psychology Flashcards

9729972777	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering , & communicating	0
9729972778	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
9729972779	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category	2
9729972780	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule/proceudure that guarantees solving a particular problem	3
9729972781	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments & solve problems efficiently	4
9729972782	insight	a sudden realization of a problem's solution	5
9729972783	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions & to ignore/distort contradictory evidence	6
9729972784	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way	7
9729972785	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling/thought	8
9729972786	availability heuristics	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory	9
9729972787	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct	10
9729972788	belief perserverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	11
9729972789	framing	the way an issue is posed	12
9729972790	creativity	the ability to produce new & valuable ideas	13
9729972791	convergent thinking	narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution	14
9729972792	divergent thinking	expanding the number of possible problem solutions	15
9729972793	language	our spoken, written, or gestured words & the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	16
9729972794	phoneme	the smallest distinctive sound unit	17
9729972795	morpheme	the smallest unit that carrier meaning	18
9729972796	grammar	a system of rules that enables us to communicate with & understand others	19
9729972797	semantics	the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds	20
9729972798	syntax	the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences	21
9729972799	babbling stage	an infant spontaneously utters various sounds (at first) unrelated to the household language	22
9729972800	one-word stage	child speaks in mostly single words	23
9729972801	two-word stage	child speaks mostly in 2-word statements	24
9729972802	telegraphic speech	early speech stage where a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns & verbs ex. "want juice"	25
9729972803	aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage (Broca's or Wernicke's)	26
9729972804	Broca's area	controls language expression & speech -left hemisphere, frontal lobe	27
9729972805	Wernicke's area	controls language reception & comprehension -left temporal lobe	28
9729972806	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective	29
9729972807	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions	30
9729972808	representative heursitics	to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes	31
9729972809	availability heuristrics	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory	32
9729972810	belief bias	we more easily see the illogical of conclusions that run counter to our beliefs than those that agree with our beliefs	33
9729972811	artificial intelligence	tries to stimulate human though processes, practical applications, etc.	34
9729972812	neural network	computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells	35
9729972813	language acquisition device (LAD)	a hypothetical module of the human mind posited to account for children's innate predisposition for language acquisition	36
9729972814	Skinner	language was learned through environment	37
9729972815	Chomsky	believed we had an innate ability to acquire language	38
9729972816	linguistic relativity	the structure of a language affects the speaker's world view or cognition	39
9729972817	thinking w/o language	1. some ideas do not depend on language 2. we sometimes think in images and not words 3. our thinking affects our language, which then affects our thoughts NO language w/o thinking	40