AP language chapter 3 terms Flashcards

7987097273	ad hominem	refers to diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker	0
7987149541	ad populum (bandwagon appeal)	this fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody is doing it so it must be the right thing to do"	1
7987175070	appeal to false authority	occurs when someone who has no experience to speak on an issue is cited as an authority	2
7987186014	argument	a process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion	3
7987201608	backing	in the toulmin model backing consists of further assurances or data without the assumption lacks authority	4
7987237646	begging the question	a fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt	5
7987250311	circular reasoning	a fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence	6
7987259184	claim	also called an assertion or a proposition a claim states the arguments main idea or position	7
7987272775	claim of fact	a claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true	8
7987279271	claim of policy	a claim of policy proposes a change	9
7987289880	claim of value	a claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.	10
7987307518	classical oration	5 part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians	11
7987331280	introduction	introduces the reader to the subject under discussion	12
7987335935	narration	provides factual info and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing	13
7987360442	confirmation	usually the major part of the text the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writers case	14
7987371632	refutation	addresses the counter argument. it is a bridge between the writers proof and and conclusion	15
7987384548	conclusion	brings the essay to a satisfying close	16
7987389285	closed thesis	statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make	17
7987418572	deduction	a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with general principle or universal truth and applying it to a specific case	18
7987456804	either or (false dilemma)	a fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices	19
7987465117	faulty analogy	a fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable	20
7987475469	fist hand evidence	evidence based on something the writer knows whether its from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events	21
7987490271	hasty generalization	a fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence	22
7987500553	induction	a logical process where by the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific casein order to draw a conclusion which is also called generalization	23
7987520518	logical fallacy	potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. they often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and and the evidence used to support it	24
7987552675	open thesis	an open thesis is one that dies not list all the points the writer intends to cover in the essay	25
7987562546	post hoc ergo propter hoc	means that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier	26
7987573174	qualifier	likes to temper the claim making it less absolute. Example words usually, probably, maybe, in most cases and most likely	27
7987595454	quantitive evidence	includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers. For instance- statistics, surveys, polls, census info	28
7987720771	rebuttal	gives voice to possible objections	29
7987738387	reservation	explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier	30
7987762048	rogerian arguments	based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather then alienating	31
7987784117	second hand evidence	evidence that is accesed through research, reading, and investigation. includes factual and historical info, expert opinion and quantitive data	32