AP World History AMSCO Period 1 Vocab Flashcards

9459556073	overfarming	when agricultural land loses its fertility when used repeatedly	0
9459565178	overgrazing	the continual eating of grasses or their roots	1
9459568331	artifacts	objects made by people in the past	2
9459576418	homo sapiens sapiens	modern humans	3
9459579423	Paleolithic Period	early years of human history; began 2.5 million years ago, ended 10,000 years ago -known for stone tools and weapons	4
9459590229	Neolithic Revolution	a set of dramatic changes in how people lived based on the development of agriculture	5
9459598214	monotheism	worshiping only one deity	6
9459616018	Bronze Age	between 3300-2300 B.C.E.; new metal was such an advance that it gave the era a new name	7
9459644009	civilization	a large society with cities and powerful states	8
9459655959	core and foundational civilizatons	the main 6 river valley civilizations (Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indian, Chinese, and American civilizations) that developed ways of life such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices that influenced successor civilizations in those regions	9
9459728099	Jericho	one of humankind's first cities; built on the west bank of the Jordan River	10
9459737304	Catal Huyuk	another ancient city that has well-preserved remains which help historians understand life back then	11
9459755236	textiles	items made of cloth	12
9459764678	specialization of labor	the process of allowing people to focus on limited tasks	13
9459770396	copper	metal found as a pure state in the ground; allowed for the making of bronze	14
9459774193	bronze	mixture of tin and copper; creating a stronger mixture, huge advance	15
9459783465	hunter-forager	(hunter-gatherers) people who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, buts, fruit, and edible roots	16
9459798757	agriculture	the practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis	17
9459810792	surplus	more than what a civilization needs for themselves	18
9459814693	domestication	process of taming wild animals so that they could be brought to live with humans	19
9459823617	nomadic pastoralism	a lifestyle based on people moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture	20
9459828507	kinship group	several hunter-forager families that moved together in search of food	21
9459841162	clan	a larger group of multiple kinship groups	22
9459845817	tribe	multiple clans combined into a larger group	23
9459860525	patriarchal society	a society dominated by men	24
9459863038	artisans	people who made objects people needed (ex: clothing, pottery)	25
9459863039	merchants	people who buy and sell goods for a living	26
9459866910	social stratification	the system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy	27
9459866911	preists	men who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine	28
9459870057	priestesses	women who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine	29
9510369591	Tigris and Euphrates	rivers that flow through modern Turkey through Iraq into the Persian Gulf	30
9510371350	Mesopotamia	area between the Tigris and Euphrates	31
9510371351	Fertile Crescent	region that includes parts of Egypt and all of Mesopotamia	32
9510372515	Carthage	a Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa	33
9510372516	Sahara	desert zone in northern Africa	34
9510372517	Kalahari	desert zone in southern Africa	35
9510373858	Nile River	begins in the interior of Africa and flows north to empty into the Meditteranean Sea	36
9510373859	desertification	the creation of desert-like conditions	37
9510375119	Indus River Valley	river valley in India	38
9510375120	environmental degradation	mass deforestation and soil erosion	39
9510376164	deforestation	removal of large numbers of trees	40
9510376165	Huang He	Yellow River; connects China's northern interior to the Yellow Sea	41
9510378022	Chiang Jiang	Yangtze River; stretches almost 4,000 miles across Central China	42
9510378023	loess	a type of fertile soil that is yellow in color	43
9510380038	Mesoamerica	Central America and Mexico	44
9510380039	maize	corn	45
9510382154	Oceania and Polynesia	the region in the Pacific Ocean; New Guinea, Australia, and other islands	46
9510382155	division of labor	other civilizations beginning to work in areas other than producing food	47
9510382156	barter	the direct exchange of goods without involving money	48
9510383637	polytheistic	worshiping many gods	49
9510383638	ziggurats	large stepped pyramids	50
9510384451	astronomy	the study of objects outside Earth's atmosphere	51
9510384452	astrology	the predicting the future by studying movements of stars and planets	52
9510385913	Hebrews (Israelites, Jews)	lived in the region of Canaan (present-day Isreal, Palestine, and Lebanon)	53
9510385914	Abraham	founder of Caanan who left Mesopotamia to settle there; Christians, Jews, and Muslims trace their roots to him	54
9510387077	Moses	the man who led the Hebrews out of captivity to Canaan, and also introduced the 10 Commandments	55
9510387078	Ten Commandments	a code of conduct that was influential in areas dominated by Christianity	56
9510388352	Jewish Diaspora	the spreading of the Jews throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East	57
9510390427	theocrats	rulers holding both religious and political power	58
9510390428	Aten	the sun god that Ahkenaton ordered Egypt to worship exclusively	59
9510391709	mummification	the removing of the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth	60
9510391710	Aryans	Indo-European speaking peoples from Central Asia (Persia)	61
9510393442	Hindi	originated from Sanskrit (India's sacred language), still widely spoken	62
9510393443	Vedas	collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs	63
9510393444	Vedic Age	age of Aryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs	64
9510394443	brahmin	Indian priest	65
9510394444	brahma	a universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth	66
9510394445	dharma	righteous duties and deeds	67
9510395453	karma	fate in the next life	68
9510395454	moksha	eternal peace or unity with brahma	69
9510396734	ancestor veneration	the belief that since the spirits of ancestors could speak to gods for them, making offerings to them to win their favor	70
9510396735	Golden Age	a period in society of relative prosperity, peace, and innovation	71
9510396736	scribes	a separate class of people who were skilled at reading and writing a certain language	72
9510398200	The Epic of Gilgamesh	the oldest story on the Earth, written in cuneiform	73
9510398201	cuneiform	world's first writing system from the Sumerians	74
9510399109	alphabetic script	a system of symbols/letters that represent the sounds of speech; Phoenicians had a 22 letter alphabet	75
9510400865	hieroglyphics	picture writing used by the Ancient Egyptians	76
9510400866	papyrus	a type of plant that grew along the Nile River that was used to make a type of paper	77
9510402541	Book of the Dead	a paper book that Egyptians put inside the coffins of the dead pharaohs that told the story of the dead person	78
9510402542	Indo-European	a set of languages that involved Sanskrit and Latin	79
9510403203	Sanskrit	the sacred language of the Aryans	80
9510403204	Rig-Veda	a section of the Veda that sheds light on ancient Indian society and their conflicts between Dravidian and Aryan societies, and outlined proper brahmin behavior	81
9510404743	Upanishads	a foundational text for the set of beliefs that later became known as Hinduism	82
9510404744	pictographs/glyphs	Ancient Chinese graphic symbols that represented an an idea, concept or object	83
9510405760	Austronesian speakers	Oceanic peoples from southern China who moved from the Philippines and Taiwan	84
9510405761	feudalism	local rulers governing as they wished, who paid taxes to the king and provided soldiers for the kings army	85
9510410141	Sumer and Sumerians	a group of nomadic pastoralists who migrated into Mesopotamia, settling alongiside people already living there	86
9510410142	Uruk	the largest city-state in Sumer with a population of roughly 50,000	87
9510410143	city-states	a city and the land it controlled; several hundred square miles	88
9510411299	king and kingdom	Sumerian military rulers who ruled over a territory	89
9510412439	Babylonians	Persian invaders that controlled Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon, thus being known as Babylonians	90
9510412440	empire	the controlling of a large empire that included diverse cultural groups	91
9510412441	Phoenicians	peoples who occupied parts of Lebanon, Isreal and Jordan; most commonly known for their strong ships and vast trade network	92
9510414674	Old Kingdom	a period of stability in Egypt in which kings and queens ruled as theocrats, and wielded considerable authority in public life; all land belonged to the pharaoh and were descended from gods; collapsed due to drought, which led to famine	93
9511521793	Middle Kingdom	a period of Egyptian stability in which Mentuhotep II took power, and reunited Egypt under a central government and diminished the power of provincial governors; placed an emphasis on statues/art of the pharaoh that depicted them as wise; built numerous temples and irrigation projects; ended due to invasions from the Hyksos from Syria	94
9511532348	New Kingdom	a period of Egyptian stability in which after the defeat of the Hyksos, pharoahs used their powerful army to expand into Mesopotamia and Nubia; collapsed due to internal chaos and failed defense against aggressive neighbors	95
9510414675	Hyksos	a group of pastoral nomadic people from Syria that invaded Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and were defeated before the New Kingdom	96
9510415723	Hittities	a group of people who used iron rools and weapons, who eventually took over areas in Egypt after the fall of Ramses	97
9510415724	Kush	ancient kingdom south of Egypt that were mostly dependent on Egypt, controlled Egypt shortly before overthrown by the Assyrians	98
9510415725	Axum	civilization in present Ethiopia that had an agricultural and trading based economy, had many people converted to Christianity and some to Islam	99
9510416928	Dravidians	indigenous people of the Indian subcontinent	100
9510416929	Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro	two centers in the Indus River Valley; had advanced labor systems, a social heriarchy, and sewage systems	101
9510420832	Chavin civilization	the civilization that existed in modern Peru centered at Chavin de Huantar; traded, lived in valleys, used llamas for transportation, developed irrigation systems, potter; dissolved into regional groups because had weak political structure	102
9510420833	Olmec	the civilization that flourished in the east and central Mexico, agricultural, traded with countries many miles away, carved human head statues and constructed massive pyramids, developed a calendar and a number system, used glyphs	103
9510421821	Easter Island	a place in Oceania where settlers were divided into clans that had a chief and one head chief as a ruler of all clans	104
9510421822	aboriginals	hunter-foragers in Australia that were not fazed by the new agricultural ways of the Austronesian people; kept their nomadic ways	105
9510421823	Hammurabi	a Babylonian king who had established control over all of Mesopotamia; also created a law called the Code of Hammurabi (eye for an eye punishment)	106
9510422929	King Menes	Egyptian king who unified Upper and Lower Egypt before the formation of the old, middle, and new kingdoms	107
9510422930	pharaoh	the king or queen that led the Egyptian government	108
9510424368	Akhenaton	a pharaoh of the New Kingdom who tried to make Egypt a monotheistic region that followed the sun god Aten; ultimately failed	109
9510425614	Ramses the Great	a powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom that expanded the Egyptian empire into Southwest Asia	110
9510425615	Xia Dynasty	the first Chinese dynasty; had no writing system so little is known	111
9510426390	Shang Dynasty	the second Chinese dynasty; Shang rulers conquered neighboring peoples and established a larger empire	112
9510426391	Mandate of Heaven	the ancient Chinese idea that a just ruler's power was bestowed by the gods; were referred to as sons of heaven; invasions or natural disasters were signs that a ruler no longer had a Mandate of Heaven	113
9510428049	Zhou Dynasty	the third Chinese dynasty; the longest dynasty of all time; had a Golden Age; expanded into a larger territory and centralized power	114