AP Psychology: Development Flashcards

12602391153	developmental psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	0
12602392811	Zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo	1
12602392813	embryo	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month	2
12602394263	fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth	3
12602404017	Teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm	4
12602404018	amniotic sac	a fluid-filled sac that cushions and protects a developing embryo and fetus in the uterus	5
12602404961	fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)	physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial disproportions	6
12602409696	grasping reflex	an infant's clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand	7
12602410489	startle reflex	response that one makes after a sudden, unexpected loud noise or similar sudden stimulus	8
12602411734	rooting reflex	a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple	9
12602415007	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	10
12602421208	infantile amnesia	the inability to remember events from early childhood	11
12602423243	emerging adulthood	for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood	12
12602427173	Jean Piaget	He came up with the four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation	13
12602432478	Assimilation	interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schema	14
12602433592	accommodation	adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information	15
12602437257	sensorimotor stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities	16
12602437258	preoperational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic	17
12602438498	concrete operational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events	18
12602438499	formal operational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts	19
12602439315	object permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived	20
12602441864	Egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view	21
12602441865	Centration	in Piaget's theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features	22
12602443328	conservation	the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects	23
12602445431	theory of mind	ability to reason about what other people know or believe	24
12602449969	Lev Vygotsky	child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research	25
12602449970	zone of proximal development	phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction	26
12602456920	Lawrence Kohlberg	Famous for his theory of moral development in children; made use of moral dilemmas in assessment	27
12602461222	preconventional morality	first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior	28
12602461223	conventional morality	second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior	29
12602463164	postconventional morality	actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles	30
12602465037	stranger anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age	31
12602466093	attachment	an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation	32
12602466094	Harry Harlow	Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers	33
12602472368	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life	34
12602474473	secure attachment	attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy	35
12602476075	insecure attachment	attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence	36
12602478869	Erik Erikson	neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"	37
12602485887	self-concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	38
12602486828	self-esteem	one's feelings of high or low self-worth	39
12602497869	authoritarian parenting	style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child	40
12602499396	authoritative parenting	parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making	41
12602499397	permissive parenting	A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.	42
12602504412	midlife transition	a period in middle adulthood when a person's perspective on his or her life may change significantly	43
12602504413	social clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement	44
12602516841	Trust vs. Mistrust	Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner	45
12602518070	Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt	Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt	46
12602518072	Initiative vs. Guilt	Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities	47
12602519076	Industry vs. Inferiority	Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive	48
12602520547	identity vs. role confusion	Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves	49
12602521702	Intimacy v. Isolation	6th stage in Erikson's model; young adults must form close, satisfying relationships or suffer loneliness	50
12602528507	Generativity vs. Stagnation	Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service	51
12602531276	ego identity vs despair	Erikson's stage of retirement years, reflection and acceptance of ones life. Culmination is a sense of fulfillment and acceptance or oneself as one is	52
12602534853	sex	the biological distinction between females and males	53
12602536259	Gender	in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female	54
12602538668	gender identity	our sense of being male or female	55
12602538669	sexual orientation	an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)	56