AP World History - Chapter 18 Flashcards

9059074188	bourgeoisie (pron. boor-zwah-ZEE)	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."	0
9059074189	British Royal Society	Association of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge."	1
9059074190	Caste War of Yucatán	Long revolutionary struggle (1847-1901) of the Maya people of Mexico against European and mestizo intruders.	2
9059074191	Caudillo (pron. kow-DEE-yohs)	A military strongman who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America.	3
9059074192	Crimean War	Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.	4
9059074193	dependent development	Term used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions.	5
9059074194	Porfirio Díaz (pron. por-FEAR-ee-oh DEE-ahz)	Mexican dictator from 1876 to 1911 who was eventually overthrown in a long and bloody revolution.	6
9059074195	The Duma (pron. DOOmah)	The elected representative assembly grudgingly created in Russia by Tsar Nicholas II in response to the 1905 revolution.	7
9059074196	Indian cotton textiles	For much of the eighteenth century, well-made and inexpensive cotton textiles from India flooded Western markets; the competition stimulated the British textile industry to industrialize, which led to the eventual destruction of the Indian textile market both in Europe and in India.	8
9059074197	Labour Party	British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.	9
9059074198	Latin American export boom	Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes.	10
9059074199	Lenin (pron. vladEE-mirool-YAHN-off )	Pen name of Russian Bolshevik Vladimir Ulyanov (1870-1924), who was the main leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917.	11
9059074200	lower middle class	Social stratum that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900, this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain's population	12
9059074201	Karl Marx	The most influential proponent of socialism, Marx (1818-1883) was a German expatriate in England who advocated working class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.	13
9059074202	Mexican Revolution	Long and bloody war (1911-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order.	14
9059074203	middle-class values	Belief system typical of the middle class that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability."	15
9059074204	Model T	The first automobile affordable enough for a mass market; produced by American industrialist Henry Ford.	16
9059074205	Owens, Robert	Socialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771-1858) who created an ideal industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland.	17
9059074206	Peter the Great	Tsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.	18
9059074207	populism	Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds.	19
9059074208	progressivism	American political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to correct the ills of industrialization.	20
9059074209	proletariat (pron. proh-li-TARE-ee-at)	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.	21
9059074210	Russian Revolution of 1905	Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.	22
9059074211	socialism in the United States	Fairly minor political movement in the United States, at its height in 1912 gaining 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate.	23
9059074212	steam engine	Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of the steam engine allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.	24