AP World Independence Vocab Flashcards

13598533118	Indian National Congress (INC)	broadly based political party of India. Formed in 1885, the Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain.	0
13598533119	Mohandas Gandhi	social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India. As such, he came to be considered the father of his country. Gandhi is internationally esteemed for his doctrine of nonviolent protests to achieve political and social progress.	1
13598533121	civil disobediance	refusal to obey the demands or commands of a government or occupying power, without resorting to violence or active measures of opposition; its usual purpose is to force concessions from the government or occupying power.	2
13598533122	nehru	first prime minister of independent India (1947-64), who established parliamentary government and became noted for his neutralist (nonaligned) policies in foreign affairs.	3
13598533124	kemal ataturk	soldier, statesman, and reformer who was the founder and first president (1923-38) of the Republic of Turkey. He modernized the country's legal and educational systems and encouraged the adoption of a European way of life.q	4
13598533125	pahlavi	Last shah of Iran before his overthrow due to the Iranian revolution	5
13598533127	balfour	British statesman who maintained a position of power in the British Conservative party for 50 years. He was prime minister from 1902 to 1905, and, as foreign secretary from 1916 to 1919, he is perhaps best remembered for his World War I statement expressing official British approval of Zionism (Jewish Nationalist Movement).	6
13598533129	muslim brotherhood	religio-political organization founded in 1928 at Ismailia, Egypt by Hasan al-Banna. It advocated a return to the Qur'an and the Hadith as guidelines for a healthy modern Islamic society.	7
13598533130	mau mau	militant African nationalist movement that originated in the 1950s among the Kikuyu people of Kenya, The Mau Mau advocated violent resistance to British domination in Kenya	8
13598533132	kenyatta	Kenyan businessman and politician who held several government posts before being elected president of Kenya.	9
13598533133	african national congress (ANC)	South African political party and black nationalist organization. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it had as its main goal the maintenance of voting rights for Coloureds (persons of mixed race) and black Africans in Cape Provence	10
13598533134	apartheid	(apartness) policy that governed relations between South Africa's white minority and nonwhite majority and sanctioned racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against nonwhites.	11
13598533136	nkrumah	Ghanaian nationalist leader who led the Gold Coast's drive for independence from Britain and presided over its emergence as the new nation of Ghana.	12
13598533137	pan africanism	is an ideology and movement that encourages the solidarity of Africans worldwide. It is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent.	13
13598533139	fw de klerk	politician who as president of South Africa (1989-94) brought the apartheid system of racial segregation to an end and negotiated a transition to majority rule in his country.	14
13598533140	mandela	black nationalist and the first black president of South Africa (1994-99). His negotiations in the early 1990s with South African Pres. FW de Klerk helped end the country's apartheid system of racial segregation and ushered in a peaceful transition to majority rule.	15
13598533141	african union	intergovernmental organization, established in 2002, to promote unity and solidarity of African states, to spur economic development, and to promote international cooperation.	16
13598533142	nasser	army officer, prime minister (1954-56), and then president (1956-70) of Egypt who became a controversial leader of the Arab world, creating the short-lived United Arab Republic (1958-61), twice fighting wars with Israel (1956, 1967), and engaging in such inter-Arab policies as mediating the Jordanian civil war (1970).	17
13598533143	palestine liberation organization (PLO)	umbrella political organization claiming to represent the world's Palestinians—those Arabs, and their descendants, who lived in mandated Palestine before the creation there of the State of Israel in 1948.	18
13598633107	Palestine	A territory in the Middle East on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Disputed with Israel.	19
13598633108	Shah of Iran Pahlavi	became Shah in 1941, when the allies of WWII forced the abdication of his father. Communist and Nationalist movements created unrest and tension during the early years of his reign. The Shah distributed royal lands to poverty-stricken farmers. He is known for both social and economic reform in Iran. With the abundance of oil-drinking machines, Pahlavi became a powerful world leader, and the main military power in the Middle East. Muslims and the Ayatollah forced the Shah and his family into exile in 1979, where he died in Cairo on July 27, 1980.	20
13598633109	Iranian Revolution	(1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader	21
13598633110	Iran Hostage Crisis	The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage's release the day Ronald Reagan became president	22
13598633111	Algerian War	conflict between France and Algerian independence movements; led to Algerian independence from France	23