AP World History Stearns--Chapter 06 Flashcards

11322484817	Islam	major world religion having its origins in 610 CE in the Arabian Peninsula; meaning "submission", based on prophecy of Muhammad	0
11322484818	shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men w large herds, many wives, and children	1
11322484819	Quraysh	tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca	2
11322484820	Allah	supreme god in monotheistic Islam, was a god of the polytheistic religions practice in Pre-Islam Arabia (had a shrine of the Ka'ba before Islam was created)	3
11322484821	Hijira	migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina	4
11322484822	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer 5x a day, fasting during Ramadan, zakat (charity), and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	5
11322484823	Abu Bakr	companion of 1st Muslim leader after Muhammad; regarded by Sunnis as the first caliph and rightful successor	6
11322484824	Uthman	third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between the followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan - causing division of Islam	7
11322484825	Sunni	the political and theological division of Islam that believe the Arab empire leader should be elected; followers of the Umayyad	8
11322484826	Abbasid	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs w/in Islam; came to power in 750 CE	9
11322484827	wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian providences of empire	10
11322484828	Mecca	city located along mountainous region near the Red Sea and Arabian Peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of the Ka'ba; when Mohammad grew up; location of the pilgrimage in Islam; trade city @ time of Islam development	11
11322484829	Umayyad	clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam	12
11322484830	Muhammad	prophet of Islam born 570 CE to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632 CE	13
11322484831	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity	14
11322484832	hajj	pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship at the Ka'ba	15
11322484833	Ridda Wars	wars that followed Mohammad's death in 632; resulted in the defeat of some rival prophets and some of the larger clans; restored unity of Islam	16
11322484834	Battle of Siffin	fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	17
11322484835	Shi'a	a political and theological division within Islam; believe the ruler of the Arab empire should be related to the prophet Muhammad; followers of Ali	18
11322484836	mawali	non-Arab converters to Islam	19
11322484837	Abu Al-Kabbas	leader of rebellion in Persia that led to the downfall of the Umayyad	20
11322484838	bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian Peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	21
11322484839	Medina	Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to Bedouins; became refuge from Mohammad following flight from Mecca	22
11322484840	Ka'ba	most revered religions shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia, located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam	23
11322484841	Quran	relations of revelations received by Mohammad from the angel Gabriel; was NOT written by Mohamad for he was illiterate, but wias written by others via oral account; holy book of Islam	24
11322484842	Zakat	tax for charity; 2.5% of annual pay; obligatory for all Muslims	25
11322484843	Ali	cousin and son in law of Muhamad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	26
11322484844	Jihad	translates to 'struggle', could be an internal struggle, etc., is often seen as an Islamic holy war	27
11322484845	Mu'awiya	leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	28
11322484846	Karbala	site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate	29
11322484847	dhimmi	means "people of the book" (the book being the Holy Bible); applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	30
11322484848	Baghdad	capital of Abbasid Dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	31