Myers Psychology for AP Unit 7 (Memory & Language) Flashcards

12377623699	memory	The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.	0
12377623700	encoding	The processing of information into the memory system.	1
12377623701	storage	The retention of encoded information over time.	2
12377623702	retrieval	The process of getting information out of memory storage.	3
12377623703	sensory memory	The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.	4
12377623704	short-term memory	Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.	5
12377623705	long-term memory	The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, including : knowledge, skills, and experiences.	6
12377623706	working memory	A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.	7
12377623707	parallel processing	The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions.	8
12377623708	automatic processing	Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information.	9
12377623709	effortful processing	Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.	10
12377623710	rehearsal	The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.	11
12377623711	spacing effect	The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.	12
12377623712	serial position effect	Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.	13
12377623713	visual encoding	The encoding of picture images.	14
12377623714	acoustic encoding	The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.	15
12377623715	semantic encoding	The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.	16
12377623716	imagery	Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing.	17
12377623717	mnemonics	Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.	18
12377623718	chunking	Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.	19
12377623719	iconic memory	A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.	20
12377623720	echoic memory	A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.	21
12377623721	long-term potentiation (LTP)	An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.	22
12377623722	amnesia	The loss of memory.	23
12377623723	implicit memory	Retention independent of conscious recollection (nondeclarartive or procedural memory).	24
12377623724	explicit memory	Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (declarative memory).	25
12377623725	hippocampus	A neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.	26
12377623726	recall	A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier.	27
12377623727	recognition	A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned.	28
12377623728	relearning	A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.	29
12377623729	priming	The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.	30
12377623730	déjà vu	That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger the retrieval of an earlier experience.	31
12377623731	mood-congruent memory	The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.	32
12377623732	proactive interference	The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.	33
12377623733	retroactive interference	The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.	34
12377623734	repression	In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.	35
12377623735	misinformation effect	Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.	36
12377623736	source amnesia	Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (source misattribution).	37
12377623737	cognition	The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	38
12377623754	language	Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.	39
12377623755	phoneme	In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	40
12377623756	morpheme	In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word.	41
12377623757	grammar	In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.	42
12377623758	semamtics	The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphed, words, and sentences in a given language; the study of meaning.	43
12377623759	syntax	The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.	44
12377623760	babbling stage	Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of Speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.	45
12377623761	one-word stage	The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.	46
12377623762	two-word stage	Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.	47
12377623763	telegraphic speech	Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs.	48
12377623764	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.	49
12377623765	episodic memory	the memory of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.	50
12377623766	flashbulb memory	a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard.	51