Terminology For AP Language And Composition Flashcards

14667933005	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.	0
14667938349	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event.	1
14667939000	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.	2
14667940256	Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses.	3
14667941558	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event	4
14667942973	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.	5
14667943504	Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers.	6
14667944399	Antithesis	The direct opposite, a sharp contrast.	7
14667945212	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth.	8
14667946258	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.	9
14667947600	Archaic Diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.	10
14667949058	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence.	11
14667949802	Aristotelian Triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle).	12
14667951528	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.	13
14667952210	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.	14
14667954240	Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.	15
14667955787	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone.	16
14667956842	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	17
14667957821	Authority	A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.	18
14667958625	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	19
14667959536	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	20
14667962439	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.	21
14667963393	Close Reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.	22
14667964047	Colloquialism	An informal or conversational use of language.	23
14667964508	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions.	24
14667965430	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	25
14667966774	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.	26
14667967892	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation).	27
14667968605	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	28
14667969129	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.	29
14667970524	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument.	30
14667971830	Cumulative sentence	an independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	31
14667972915	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement.	32
14667973923	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific.	33
14667974649	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.	34
14667976286	Diction	Word choice. Documentation: Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.	35
14667976663	Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.	36
14667978180	Epigram	A brief witty statement.	37
14667979397	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos).	38
14667981018	Exigence	Issue or situation that demands prompt action or remedy.	39
14667983870	Explicit	Fully and clearly expressed or demonstrated; leaving nothing merely implied.	40
14667985113	Figurative Language	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.	41
14667985761	Figure of Speech	A device used to produce figurative language.	42
14667986372	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.	43
14667986744	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).	44
14667988282	Implicit	implied, rather than expressly stated.	45
14667988665	Imperative Sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.	46
14667989891	Induction	Reasoning from detailed facts to general principles.	47
14667990534	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	48
14667990952	Irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant.	49
14667993839	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts.	50
14667994861	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos).	51
14667995752	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.	52
14667996324	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.	53
14667998608	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing. Oxymoron: A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.	54
14667999432	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	55
14667999662	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	56
14668005845	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	57
14668006308	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos).	58
14668008138	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	59
14668010828	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects. Polemic: An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.	60
14668013759	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	61
14668014105	Premise	major, minor two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise.	62
14668018125	Major premise/Minor Premise/Conclusion	All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism).	63
14668019565	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	64
14668020483	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	65
14668020750	Qualify	To discuss the extent to which something may or may not be true.	66
14668021303	Rebut	to refute by evidence or argument.	67
14668022369	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."	68
14668023615	Rhetorical Modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	69
14668025052	Rhetorical Question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.	70
14668025823	Satire	ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	71
14668027532	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.	72
14668029199	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	73
14668029742	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.	74
14668032296	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	75
14668033309	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	76
14668035359	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	77
14668036293	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing. Straw man: A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.	78
14668036821	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.	79
14668039182	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	80
14668040837	Subordinate Clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.	81
14668041333	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactic element on another in a sentence.	82
14668041712	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor).	83
14668049959	Syntax	Sentence structure.	84
14668051133	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	85
14668052378	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.	86
14668052780	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.	87
14668053747	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.	88
14668054705	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	89
14668056156	Transitions	Transitions are words and phrases that provide a connection between ideas, sentences, and paragraphs.	90
14668056770	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.	91
14668058935	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	92
14668059467	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice); in rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	93