Terminology for AP Language and Composition Flashcards

10060955576	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.	0
10060959988	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event.	1
10060981438	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.	2
10060987302	Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses.	3
10061030676	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event.	4
10061049341	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.	5
10061051561	Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers.	6
10061089481	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.	7
10061108608	Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.	8
10061110140	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth.	9
10061115206	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.	10
10061117113	Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.	11
10061125155	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence.	12
10061132066	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience.	13
10061135787	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.	14
10061142833	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.	15
10061146234	Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.	16
10061156969	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone.	17
10061159182	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	18
10061161445	Authority	A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.	19
10061163505	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	20
10061166874	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	21
10061171280	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.	22
10061173910	Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.	23
10061178334	Colloquialism	An informal or conversational use of language.	24
10061180576	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions.	25
10061182197	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	26
10061185154	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.	27
10061186920	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning.	28
10061189480	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	29
10061191603	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.	30
10061201671	Counterarugment	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument. Ex: almost like an argument of an issue from the other side/perspective.	31
10061203171	Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	32
10061207873	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement.	33
10061211067	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific.	34
10061212838	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.	35
10061220232	Diction	Word choice.	36
10061221685	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.	37
10061224027	Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.	38
10061233506	Epigram	A brief witty statement.	39
10061233507	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos).	40
10061262888	Figuative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect. Ex: The grass looks like spiky green hair	41
10061269011	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.	42
10061269012	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.	43
10061279041	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).	44
10061282941	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.	45
10061288235	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general.	46
10061292120	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject. Ex: Where in the world were you?	47
10061296385	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.	48
10061300359	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.	49
10061311420	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos) .	50
10061312941	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.	51
10061227447	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole. Ex: The pen is mightier than the sword.	52
10061227448	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing. Ex: Whether or not you like it, I am going to eat the cake.	53
10061317989	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.	54
10061320068	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	55
10061322813	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns. Ex: I Have a Dream speech by Dr. Luther King Jr.	56
10061325603	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	57
10061328632	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos).	58
10061330994	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	59
10061333053	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	60
10061334453	Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.	61
10061337336	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	62
10061339203	Premise	major, minor two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals.	63
10061344489	Conclusion	All horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism).	64
10061346618	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	65
10061354575	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	66
10061356975	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.	67
10061359455	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."	68
10061362389	Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	69
10061364472	Rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.	70
10061366509	Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	71
10061369177	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	72
10061371083	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.	73
10061372994	Scheme patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	74
10061379517	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.	75
10061382265	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	76
10061388331	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	77
10061395000	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	78
10061397122	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.	79
10061399569	Straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.	80
10061402366	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech. Ex: argumentative, narrative, persuasive, descriptive styles	81
10061404027	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	82
10061406914	Subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.	83
10061409139	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.	84
10061411161	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor). Ex: Major- All women like to shop.	85
10061412913	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	86
10061412914	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.	87
10061414687	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.	88
10061417261	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.	89
10061419400	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	90
10061419401	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.	91
10061421886	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	92
10061423715	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	93
10061425335	Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence.	94
10062399431	Syntax	Sentence structure.	95