Neuroanatomy Flashcards

13542502746	unipolar		0
13542502747	bipolar		1
13542511976	multipolar		2
13542541709	sensory neurons	detect changes in environment and transmit information to CNS; afferent info to the CNS; unipolar	3
13542556105	motor neurons	send signals to target tissue in order to elicit a response to a particular stimulus; efferent information- away from the CNS; multipolar	4
13542568287	interneurons	serve an integrative function- interconnect incoming sensory and outputing motor information; bipolar	5
13542601705	Principle of Dynamic Polarization	electrical signals within a neuron flow only in one direction	6
13542611018	Principle of Connectional Specificity	neurons separated by synapse, neurons communicate with specific other neurons in organized networks- not randomly	7
13542629236	action potentials	brief change from negative to positive in transmembrane potential; all or none response: amplitude of AP does not change based on magnitude of stimulus	8
13542786519	depolarization	membrane potential more positive than resting potential	9
13542789214	repolarization	return of membrane potential to resting value	10
13542791834	hyperpolarization	membrane potential more negative than resting potential	11
13542796710	threshold	the potential to which a membrane must be depolarized to initiate an action potential	12
13542807638	spatial summation	1. simultaneous stimulation by several presynaptic neurons 2. EPSPs spread from several synapses to axon hillock 3. postsynaptic neuron fires	13
13542820226	temporal summation	1. high frequency stimulation by one presynaptic neuron 2. EPSPs spread from one synapse to axon hillock 3. postsynaptic neuron fires	14
13542832187	CNS	brain and spinal cord	15
13542834489	PNS	nerves and ganglia outside brain and spinal cord	16
13542841358	forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain	3 major divisions of the brain	17
13542849939	telencephalon and diencephalon	2 parts of the forebrain	18
13542858432	cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system	3 parts of the telencephalon	19
13542861218	thalamus and hypothalamus	2 parts of the diencephalon	20
13542865465	tectum and tegmentum	2 parts of the mesencephalon	21
13542871916	metencephalon and myelcephalon	2 parts of the hindbrain	22
13542874668	cerebellum and pons	2 parts of the metencephalon	23
13542879150	medulla oblongata	one part of the myelcephalon	24
13543128102	exteroception	information about the state of the environment; external to body	25
13543134076	proprioception	information about the state of the body; body position	26
13543138917	vestibular	motion, equilibrium	27
13543143430	photoreceptors	light	28
13543146304	mechanoreceptors	physical deformation	29
13543150084	auditory	sound	30
13543150085	nocioceptors	pain	31
13543152186	Thermoreceptors	temperature	32
13543162574	merkel discs, ruffini endings, meissner corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles	4 mechanoreceptors of the skin	33
13543162575	merkel discs	form and text (light touch, 2 point discrimination)	34
13543169459	ruffini endings	pressure, cutaneous stretch	35
13543173156	meissner corpuscles	low frequency vibration, motion of stimuli (slip, grip control)	36
13543180774	pacinian corpuscles	deep pressure, high frequency vibration	37
13543185645	muscle spindles	located in muscle bellies, detect change in muscle length	38
13543191841	golgi tendon organs	located at muscle-tendon junction, changes in muscle tension: passive stretch, active contraction	39
13543199025	joint receptors	provide information about joint position, ROM; stretch at end ranges; joint ROM, movement	40
13543219957	dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract	leads to conscious awareness of sensation: discriminate touch, pressure, vibration, joint position; fast, direct, brings info to brain without an interviewing synapse	41
13573448644	DCML Tract Pathway	first order: sensory receptor dorsal root ganglion to dorsal column, ascends to medulla and synapse second order: crosses over in medulla, ascends to the thalamus third order: thalamus to primary somatosensory	42
13573462946	anterolateral-spinothalamic tract	leads to conscious awareness of sensation: pain, temperature, crude touch, firm pressure, some proprioceptive information; slow conduction	43
13573482438	ALST tract pathway	first order: dorsal root ganglion, synapses at the level second order: crosses over at every level of spinal cord then ascends to medulla third order: to primary somatosensory cortex	44
13573571210	spinocerebellar tract	leads to unconscious proprioception and kinesthesia from muscles and lower body surface, some pain and pressure, fast conduction	45
13573583520	spinocerebellar tract pathway	first order: afferent signal from muscle spindles, GTP second order: terminates in cerebellum for unconscious control of posture and coordination	46
13573602441	pupil	opening through which light enters the eye	47
13573604766	cornea and lens	refracts and focuses light on the retina	48
13573606677	retina	light sensitive tissue in the back of the eye	49
13573609061	fovea	small center portion of retina where detailed vision occurs	50
13573611419	optic disk	area of retina where all nerve fibers exit the eye towards the CNS	51
13573615133	photoreceptors	respond to light	52
13573615134	rods	photoreceptor, movement and contrast	53
13573618703	cones	photoreceptors, color and fine features	54
13573625973	visual information to primary visual cortex	visual field > L & R eye > retina > optic nerve > optic chiasm > optic tract > thalamus (LGN) > optic radiations > primary visual cortex	55
13573644751	semicircular canals, utricle, saccule	3 parts of the vestibular apparatus	56
13573647980	semicircular canals	angular head movements	57
13573651848	utricle	horizontal acceleration	58
13573651849	saccule	vertical acceleration	59
13573657172	vestibular system	perception of self-motion, perception of head position, spatial orientation, afferent info is used to stabilize gaze, head and posture	60
13573671247	spinal cord, extra-ocular motor nuclei, cerebellum, thalamus, sensory cortex	pathways from the vestibular system	61
13573676970	relays sensory info, directs info, encodes info	3 important functions of the thalamus for perception	62
13573691614	sensory relay nuclei	input DCML to VPL ALST to VPL, VI VN to VPM	63
13573696842	ventral thalamus nuclei	project sensory information to the primary sensory cortex	64
13573698768	lateral geniculate nucleus	projects visual information to primary visual cortex	65
13574758348	DCML and ALST tract	input for the somatosensory information	66
13574760664	somatosensory cortex	output for the somatosensory information	67
13574766166	optic tract	input for visual information	68
13574769733	primary visual cortex	output for visual information	69
13574771758	sensation	neural activity triggered by a stimulus that activates a sensory receptor and results in sensory nerve impulses traveling the sensory nerve pathways to the brain, just an electrical impulse	70
13574773361	perception	multistage process that takes places in the brain and includes selecting, processing, organizing, and integrating information received from the senses. Process whereby meaning is attached to sensory stimuli; happens in multiple areas	71
13574806102	primary somatic sensory cortex, unimodal association cortex, multimodal association cortex	sensory hierarchy	72
13574816631	prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex	motor hierarchy	73
13574824555	primary somatosensory cortex	major processing area for all somatosensory modalities, basic information form specific senses, receives info from the thalamus	74
13574824556	unimodal association cortex	decode, re-encode, simple stimulus reorganized into potentially meaningful, recognizable chunks	75
13574832889	multimodal association cortex	visual, auditory, somatosensory information converges and integrates here; encoding for perception; understanding of where your body is within the environment	76
13574868364	primary motor cortex and USAC	2 outputs for primary somatosensory cortex	77
13574884754	MMAC and premotor cortex	2 outputs for unimodal sensory association cortex	78
13574893308	prefrontal cortex	output for MMAC	79
13574931824	primary motor	activates around 50 ms before movement, relay motor commands via upper motor neurons descending to the medulla, encode for movements, not single muscles (force, direction, speed)	80
13574949213	primary somatosensory cortex	input for the primary motor cortex	81
13575005164	supplemental motor area	controls internally initiated movements, re-encodes kinematic to dynamic information; motor planning, force coding, learning	82
13575015890	prefrontal cortex	input for supplemental motor area	83
13575026914	premotor cortex, primary motor cortex	output for supplemental motor area	84
13575031246	UMAC	input for premotor cortex	85
13575034146	primary motor cortex	output for premotor cortex	86
13575037596	premotor cortex	important in planning and preparation of movements, associates external sensory stimuli to motor response	87
13575062053	prefrontal cortex	selection of appropriate actions for a particular behavioral context, executive function, planning action strategy, selection of motor response based on behavioral cortex	88
13575069791	posterior parietal cortex	input for prefrontal cortex	89
13575075450	SMA and premotor cortex	output for prefrontal cortex	90
13575090592	primary somatosensory cortex and motor cortex	simple finger flexion with right index finger	91
13575092086	SMA	thinking about the movement	92
13575098159	prefrontal cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, premotor cortex	complex sequence of movements	93
13575122588	anterior, posterior, flocculonodular	3 lobes of the cerebellum	94
13575133213	vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum	3 functions of the cerebellum	95
13575142171	visual cortex, vestibular nuclei, semicircular canals	3 inputs for the vestibulocerebellum	96
13575152093	vestibular nuclei to head and eye musculature and postural muscles	output for vestibulocerebellum	97
13575162757	vestibular reflexes, regulation and maintenance of balance, posture, visual tracking	3 functions of the vestibulocerebellum	98
13575191526	vermis and intermediate hemispheres	2 parts of the spinocerebellum	99
13575213316	spinocerebellar tract, visual vestibular, auditory	3 inputs for the spinocerebellum	100
13575228111	fastigial nuclei to thalamus to motor cortex, interposed nuclei to lateral descending pathway	2 outputs for the spinocerebellum	101
13575239850	sensory map of joint/limb position, correct deviations from motor plan, feed forward mechanisms, modulate muscle tone	4 functions of the spinocerebellum	102
13575245461	cerebral cortex	input for the cerebrocerebellum	103
13575248663	thalamus to primary motor, premotor, prefrontal cortex	output for the cerebrocerebellum	104
13575260961	correct deviations from intended movements, motor planning and timing, motor learning	3 functions of the cerebrocerebellum	105
13575266185	automatic control of movement, error detection, modification of motor sequence in response to error, motor learning	4 overall functions of the cerebellum	106
13575308673	movement initiation and completion, activates and retrieves movement plans, scales movement parameters, adds sequencing information	4 overall functions of the basal ganglia	107
13575318381	striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra	4 functional divisions of the basal ganglia	108
13575335040	globus pallidus, substantia nigra	2 outputs for the striatum	109
13575346199	striatum, subthalamic nucleus	2 inputs for the globus pallidus	110
13575352228	thalamus, prefrontal, SMA, premotor cortex	4 outputs for the globus pallidus	111
13575355660	striatum	input and output for the subthalamic nucleus	112
13575358425	globus pallidus	input and output for substantia nigra	113
13575371927	primary somatosensory and primary motor cortex	2 inputs to the putamen (motor functions)	114
13575376943	prefrontal cortex and PPC	2 inputs to the caudate nucleus (movement planning)	115
13575397855	corticospinal, corticobulbar, rubrospinal	3 lateral descending tracts	116
13575403246	corticospinal and corticobulbar	both apart of the pyramidal tract	117
13575408612	corticospinal tract	from motor cortex, 90% precise movements	118
13575410897	corticobulbar tract	from motor cortex, on to muscle of face and neck	119
13575414441	pyramidal tract	upper motor neurons cross over in pyramids of medulla, descend in spinal cord to level of the appropriate spinal nerve root, lower motor neurons innervate a fiber of skeletal muscle; responsible for voluntary movements, fine motor movements, fast conduction speed	120
13575448304	extrapyramidal tract	from interposed nuclei to red nuclei then descends; involuntary and automatic control of all musculature: muscles tone, balance, posture, locomotion; integrates sensory information for posture and balance	121