Human Anatomy Flashcards

14749548939	What is anatomy?	study of structure	0
14749552561	Physiology	Study of function	1
14749558392	Microscopic Anatomy	structures too small to be seen with the naked eye	2
14749560059	Gross Anatomy	structures that can be seen with the naked eye	3
14749570675	comparative anatomy	examines similarities and differences in anatomy of species	4
14749576524	Developmental Anatomy	study of structure changes within an individual from conception through maturity	5
14749586082	embryology anatomy	study of developmental changes that occur before birth	6
14749592768	regional anatomy	study of structures within a single region ex. the head and neck or abdomen	7
14749601415	systemic anatomy	study of structures involved with a specific activity ex. skeletal, digestion or reproduction	8
14749605969	surface anatomy	study of internal structures as their locations relate to regions of skin or other surface markings	9
14749616935	What is the structural organization of the human body?	Atoms(smallest unit), molecules, cells, tissue, organs, systems, and organism(largest unit)	10
14749636599	Example of atoms	carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen	11
14749636600	example of a molecule	H2O	12
14749638085	example of cells	blood, muscle, nerve	13
14749640406	example of tissue	cells that come together to perform a function	14
14749646253	example of organs	heart, lungs, brain( collection of tissues that come together)	15
14749651630	example of systems	organs that work together to provide a function	16
14749654837	example of organism	human, bird, fish, tree, flower	17
14749660383	What is the structural organization of the human body in order?	Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level	18
14749668024	How many organ systems are in the human body?	11	19
14749672130	What does "Run Mrs. Lidec" stand for?	Respiratory, urinary, nervous, muscular, reproductive, skeletal, lymphatics, integumentary, digestive, endocrinary, circulatory, and cardiovascular	20
14749698586	What are the characteristics of the anatomic position?	Standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head level and looking forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body	21
14749707174	What is a section	an actual cut or slice through a structure or a piece removed by slicing a structure	22
14749713388	what are planes	Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body or an organ. There are three standard anatomic planes.	23
14749732192	coronal (frontal) plane	divides body into anterior(front) and posterior(back) parts	24
14749739797	transverse (horizontal) plane	divides the body into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) parts	25
14749746418	Midsagittal(median) plane	-divides the body into equal left and right halves -other sagittal planes divide the body into unequal left and right parts	26
14749776923	What are the anatomic directions?	Anterior vs. posterior Superior vs. inferior Medial vs. lateral Proximal vs. distal	27
14749783197	Anterior	In front of; toward the front surface	28
14749786712	Posterior	In back of; toward the back surface	29
14749795221	The stomach is ____ to the spinal cord (anterior or posterior)	anterior	30
14749798055	The heart is ____ to the sternum (anterior or posterior)	posterior	31
14749800994	Superior	closer to the head	32
14749803161	Inferior	closer to the feet	33
14749806247	the knee is ____ to the ankle (superior or inferior)	superior	34
14749820088	the stomach is ____ to the heart (superior or inferior)	inferior	35
14749822345	medial	Toward the midline of the body	36
14749822346	Lateral	Away from the midline of the body	37
14749827506	The lungs are ___ to the shoulders (medial or lateral)	medial	38
14749832950	the arms are___ to the heart (medial or lateral)	lateral	39
14749832951	proximal	closer to the trunk	40
14749835285	Distal	away from the trunk	41
14749841501	the femur is ____ to the tibia (proximal or distal)	proximal	42
14749845850	the talus is ____ to the tibia (proximal or distal)	distal	43
14749848641	the elbow is ___ to the hand (proximal or distal)	proximal	44
14749851761	the wrist is ___ to the elbow (proximal or distal)	distal	45
14749851762	Dorsal	At the back side of the human body	46
14749855197	Ventral	At the belly side of the human body	47
14749857963	Caudal	At the rear or tail end	48
14749861279	Cranial	At the head end of the body	49
14749862681	deep	on the inside, underneath another structure	50
14749866034	superficial	on the outside	51
14749872291	How many major regions is the body divided into?	2	52
14749877436	axial	Relating to head, neck, and trunk, (the vertical axis of the body)	53
14749881488	appendicular	upper and lower limbs (appendages)	54
14749893392	what are the major body cavities?	posterior(cranial and vertebral) and ventral cavities(thoracic and abdominopelvic)	55
14749899847	cranial cavity	formed by the skull bones, contains the brain	56
14749917780	Verebral cavity	formed by vertebral column (vertebrae)	57
14749923453	thoracic cavity	contains heart and lungs (the superior cavity)	58
14749927448	abdominopelvic cavity	abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity (the inferior cavity) -It's physically separated by the diaphragm	59
14749945266	ventral cavities(thoracic and abdominopelvic) are lined by a thin _____.	serous membrane	60
14900912593	parietal layer	lines the internal surface of the body wall	61
14900915936	visceral layer	covers the external surface of organs in the cavity	62
14900931191	What do the parietal layer and visceral layer do?	They produce a small amount of fluid to lubricate the organs, and protect against friction.	63
14900946979	mediastinum	Within the thoracic cavity, where the heart is located in a middle compartment	64
14900959899	what cavity are the lungs located?	pleural cavity in the thoracic cavity	65
14900982111	how many serous membranes does the thoracic cavity have?	2	66
14900984865	Pericardium	serous membrane surrounding the heart	67
14900994215	pleura	serous membrane surrounding the lungs	68
14901002609	visceral pericardium	covers the surface of the heart	69
14901014893	perietal pericardium	surrounding heart	70
14901046665	pericardial cavity	the layers between the visceral pericardium and the perietal pericardium	71
14901056097	pericardial effusion	abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the pericardial cavity	72
14982184704	abdominopelvic cavity	two continuous cavities with no physical separation.	73
14982218302	Abdominal cavity	The superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity	74
14982225740	pelvic cavity	the inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity	75
14982249540	what is the anatomical boundary between the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity?	An imaginary horizontal line drawn across the superior border of both hip bones.	76
14982328661	The serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity?	peritoneum	77
14982370443	The outer surface of organs	visceral peritoneum	78
14982406751	The lining of the internal walls and not directly in contact with the organs is called?	Parietal peritoneum	79
14982425720	What is the space between the layers of the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum?	peritoneal cavity	80
14982438612	the study of cells	cytology	81
14982455962	What are cells measured in and how are they visible?	They are measured in micrometers and only visible by microscopy	82
15002612308	Light microscopy	visible light passes through the cell	83
15002623420	transmission elevtron microscopy	-a beam of electrons passes through the cell -can magnify about 100x greater than LM	84
15002642541	Scanning electron microscopy	beam of electrons bounces off surface of the cell to provide a 3D study of the cell surface	85
15002652818	What do human body cells do?	covering, lining, storage, movement, connection, defense, communication, reproduction	86
15002677361	What three basic parts of cells are found in all human cells?	plasma (cell) membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus	87
15002748038	What are the protein-specific functions of the plasma(cell) membrane?	Transport, intercellular connection, anchorage for the cytoskeleton, enzyme activity, cell-cell recognition, signal transduction	88
15002833468	What are the two general types of membrane transport?	passive and active transport	89
15002843277	Passive transport	does not require energy from the cell, materials move from area of higher concentration "down" to area of lower concentration is diffusion	90
15002858638	active transport	requires energy from the cell, materials are moved up or against concentration gradient	91
15002891199	What are the 4 types of diffusion?	simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, bulk filtration	92
15002905234	Simple diffusion	small/nonpolar molecules transported	93
15002918563	osmosis	movement of water from region of higher to lower concentration	94
15002929051	facilitated diffusion	large/polar molecules-requires a specific transport protein (integral membrane protein)	95
15002952187	bulk filtration	Diffusion of both liquids (solvents) and dissolved molecules (solutes) forced across a plasma membrane by hydrostatic pressure	96
15003743242	active transport	movement of a molecule against the concentration gradient	97
15003773408	Bulk transport	moves large molecules or bulk structures across the plasma membrane (requires energy from the cell)	98
15003790656	exocytosis	out of the cell	99
15003795070	endocytosis	materials are taken into the cell and packaged into vesicles	100
15003842660	Cytoplasm	all materials between plasma membrane and nucleus	101
15003853012	what are the materials in the cytoplasm	cytosol, inclusions, organelles	102
15003863710	cytosol	a viscous like fluid containing many different dissolved substances such as ions, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, and amino acids	103
15003881372	inclusions	large storage aggregates of complex molecules found in the cytosol (ex. melanin)	104
15003904783	organelles	little organs which perform specific functions in the cell (membrane-bound and non-membrane bound)	105
15003931834	membrane bound organelles	Eukaryotes	106
15003942286	non-membrane bound organelles	ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosome, proteasomes	107
15065372453	Endoplasmic Reticulum	A network of intracellular membrane-bound tunnels	108
15065384241	cisternae	enclosed spaces	109
15065395485	What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?	smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum	110
15065398768	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	Walls have a smooth appearance. An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down, and carbohydrates are metabolized.	111
15065424980	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm	112
15065455718	Golgi apparatus	Stacked cisternae whose lateral edges bulge, pinch off and give rise to small transport and secretory vesicles. It receives proteins and lipids from the RER for modification, sorting and packaging.	113
15065504674	Lysosomes	Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts	114
15065515858	Mitochondria	Powerhouse of the cell	115
15065524113	free ribosomes	float unattached within the cytosol	116
15065535161	fixed ribosomes	attached to the outer surface of RER	117
15065538568	cytoskeleton	proteins organized in the cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes	118
15065644432	What are the three main protein types	microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules	119
15065686486	Centrosome	a pair of centrioles at right angles to each other	120
15065694680	centriole	nine sets of microtubule triplets(involved in organizing microtubules)	121
15065754786	What do cilia and flagella do?	help with movement	122
15065758995	cilia	grouped on cells that move objects across their surface (cells of the respiratory tree and oviduct	123
15065782109	flagella	longer, usually singular, to propel a cell (ex. sperm)	124
15065800201	nucleus	Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.	125
15065811591	Chromatin	Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell	126
15065843647	Chromosomes	during cell division chromatin coils tightly to form this	127
15065992858	genes	stretches of DNA that code for proteins	128
15066000293	How many genes are in the human genome?	25,000-30,000 (about 6 feet of DNA)	129
15066011767	Interphase	the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.	130
15066022672	mitotic phase	when the cell divides	131
15066043623	What are the interphase stages	G1, S, G2	132
15066048817	G1 phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	133
15066052516	S phase	DNA replication	134
15069665719	Mitotic Phase	Mitotic cell division is the process by which two daughter cells are produced that are genetically identical t the original mother cell	135
15069704282	What events occur in the mitotic phase?	Mitosis and cytokinesis	136
15069717509	mitosis	division of nucleus/DNA	137
15069747526	cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm and the mother cell	138
15069759472	What stages does mitosis go through?	(PMAT) Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase	139
15069775287	Prophase	Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle fibers forms	140
15069812943	Metaphase	Chromosomes line up along the middle of the plate, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of sister chromatids and form an oval structure array called the mitotic spindle.	141
15069855155	anaphase	Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart to opposite ends of the dividing cell	142
15069870020	Telophase	the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.	143
15069937153	Tissue	group of cells performing the same function	144
15069943762	What are the 4 types of tissues?	epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue	145
15069959394	What do epithelial cells cover?	All exposed surfaces of the body	146
15069970748	Apical surface	an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ	147
15069977711	basal surface	surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane and comes in contact with underlying cells	148
15070069153	Epithelial cells are avascular which means..	they are without blood or blood vessels	149
15070082959	How do epithelial cells get nutrients?	by diffusion or absorption across either the exposed or attached epithelial surface	150
15070091183	Do epithelial cells have a high capacity to regenerate?	yes, cells at exposed surfaces are easily damaged and can die and they must be replaced.	151
15070130861	What are the epithelium functions	protection, secretion, sensory detection	152
15070136167	basement membrane	a specialized structure of epithelium-found between epithelium and underlying connective tissue	153
15070160760	intercellular junctions	epithelial cells are strongly bound together by specialized connections in the plasma membranes of their lateral surfaces	154
15070184045	What are the 4 major types of junctions?	tight, adhering, desmosomes, and gap junctions	155
15070211872	What are the 3 types of epithelial cell shapes?	squamous(flat), cuboidal, columnar	156
15070235180	simple epithelial cells	single layer of epithelial cells	157
15070243483	Stratified epithelial cells	more than one layer of epithelial cells	158
15070253463	simple squamous epithelium	single layer of flat cells with an exposed surface	159
15070261219	stratified squamous epithelium	multiple layers of flat cells with an exposed surface (ex. skin)	160
15070275476	ciliated epithelium	moves surface objects in one direction, found on apical surface of many epithelial cells.	161
15070299999	description of glands	-All glands are epithelial cell in origin -perform a secretory function/release stuff	162
15070321652	endocrine glands	Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood	163
15070328653	exocrine glands	Ducted glands that carry products to the epithelial surface	164
15070367542	duct glands	-Simple:single un-branced duct -compound:branched ducts	165
15070399054	secretory glands	tubular:tube like acinar:bulbous	166
15070417196	merocrine	secrete products from vesicles via exotosis	167
15070420873	holocrine	cell accumulates product then disintegrates	168
15070427044	apocrine	product stored in apical part of cell that pinches off	169
15070439843	connective tissue	designed to support, protect and bind organs as well as stores fat and transports gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes. (acts as the glue and packing material of the body)	170
15070457968	functions of connective tissue	physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures(muscles), storage(bones), transport(blood), immune protection	171
15070477184	ground substance	produced by the CT cells and comprised of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salt and h20. Can either be viscous(in blood), semisolid(cartilage), or solid (bone)	172
15070510814	What forms the exracellular matrix?	Ground substance plus the extracellular protein fibers	173
15070532222	How can CT be classified?	CT proper, supporting CT, or fluid CT.	174
15070550780	Connective tissue proper	loose and dense CT	175
15070563145	supporting connective tissue	cartilage and bone	176
15070571402	Loose CT	can be distorted without damage, an open framework, the packing material of the body	177
15070589197	areolar connective tissue	subcutaneous layer under skin	178
15070613584	adipose connective tissue	subcutaneous and abdominal fat	179
15070623388	reticular connective tissue	lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)	180
15070630281	dense connective tissue	densely packed, cannot be stressed too much without damage	181
15070640567	What are the three types of dense connective tissue?	-Regular-Tendons and ligaments -Irregular-Deep dermis -Elastic-Vocal cords/trachea	182
15070657097	Cartilage	firm, gel-like matrix, semi-flexible	183
15070664579	hyaline cartilage	Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose (weak)	184
15070673278	Fibrocartilage	intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, cartilage of knee joint (dense, shock absorber)	185
15070688849	elastic cartilage	external ear (flexible)	186
15070691939	bone	more solid than cartilage and provides more support but is also more brittle	187
15071985175	What are the three types of muscle?	smooth, cardiac, skeletal	188
15071992941	smooth muscle	walls of blood vessels, gut and respiratory tree, reproductive tract (involuntary)	189
15071998323	cardiac muscle	walls of the heart (involuntary)	190
15072002167	skeletal muscle	muscles attached to skeleton, majority of muscles in the body (voluntary)	191
15072006779	contraction of muscle	shortening of muscle fiber	192
15072028176	heat generation of muscle	ATP breaks down to give off energy in form of work and heat	193
15072035431	Nervous tissue	has neurons:nerve cells has neuroglia: support cells for the neurons	194
15072045226	Function of nervous tissue	generates and transmits electrical signals through body (controls body functions)	195
15072059160	What is the integument?	Skin - the largest organ in the body (7 to 8% body weight)	196
15072063420	Epedermis	superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelium	197
15072069208	dermis	deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissues	198
15072074589	hypodermis	(not part of the skin) lies under dermis, mostly adipose connective tissue (hypo=low)	199
15072084666	major functions of the integument	- protection - vitamin D synthesis and storage of nutrients - temperature maintenance - sensory reception -immune defense - excretion and secretion	200
15072102156	epidermis	-Outermost layer of skin -consists only of epithelial cells -has no blood or nerve supply	201
15072123775	epidermal strata(from deep to superficial) (before signing get legal counsel)	stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum(thick skin), stratum corneum (stratum means layer)	202
15072157871	Stratum basale	deepest layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and cell division (one cell layer thick)	203
15072183091	living keratinocytes	produce keratin, waterproofs skin	204
15072187620	Melanocytes	produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage of DNA by ultraviolet radiation	205
15072377993	What can melanin do	prevent sun damage to DNA that helps to prevent skin cancer	206
15072383793	Stratum spinosum	Several layers thick, daughter cells from the stratum basale -cells of this layer begin to produce keratin	207
15072400620	stratum granulosum	-3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes -cytoplasm fills with keratin filaments -organelles begin to degrade -fully keratinized cells are dead but strong and water-insoluable	208
15072423034	stratum lucidum	-thin translucent region -present only in thick skin such as sole of feet and palms of hands	209
15072430938	stratum corneum	superficial layer of epidermis, can get up to 30 layers thick, comprised solely of dead keratinocytes	210
15072446409	What is skin color determined by?	melanin, carotene, hemoglobin	211
15072446411	Hemoglobin	blood pigment; causes light complexions to look pink or blue	212
15072452092	melanin	pigment produced by melanocytes; increases in people exposed to more UV light	213
15072460614	carotene	the yellow pigment from food that builds up in the skin	214
15072466352	Epidermal Variation	-Between different body regions -Between individuals -In thickness, color, and skin markings	215
15072470204	nevus	localized overgrowth of melanocytes (ex. mole)	216
15072476132	hemangioma	proliferation of blood vessels	217
15072480283	friction ridges	Folds of epidermis and dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes; increase friction for grasping (cause us to leave finger prints)	218
15072487794	The dermis	Lies deep to the epidermis(has two connective tissues/areolar:superficial and dense irregular: deeper) Also contains: -blood vessels and glands -arrectores pilorum(muscle; goose bumps -nervous system	219
15072516942	vasoconstriction	narrowing blood vessels preserves core body heat	220
15072518691	vasodilation	widening blood vessels releases body heat, lowing body temperature	221
15072527600	functions of nerve fibers that are present in the dermis	-touch receptors -control blood flow -control grandular secretion	222
15072538799	The hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)	deep to, but not actually part of the integument	223
15072547521	structures that grow from the epidermis	nails, hairs, glands	224
15072549886	nails	Scale like modifications of the stratum corneum	225
15072557669	nail bed	layer of living epidermis covered by nail body	226
15072560011	nail matrix	thickened growing part of the nail bed	227
15072563281	hair	columns of keratinocytes growing from follicles deep in dermis or hypodermis	228
15072567872	What are the three hair types?	lanugo, vellus, terminal	229
15072570081	Lanugo hair	embryonic hair	230
15072573238	vellus hair	peach fuzz	231
15072575361	terminal hair	coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions	232
15072579953	hair bulb	pool of epithelial cells where the hair originates	233
15072581768	hair root	portion deep to the skin surface	234
15072584559	hair shaft	portion extending beyond the skin surface	235
15072586437	hair follicle	a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair	236
15072596049	sweat glands	merocrine-mostly water secreted apocrine-mostly proteins and lipids	237
15072607524	sebaceous glands	secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles or directly onto skin surface	238
15072613862	acne	plugged sebaceous ducts	239
15072624209	Chondroblasts	produce cartilage matrix	240
15072626477	Chondrocytes	surrounded by matrix -live in small spaces called lucunae	241
15072637703	3 major types of cartilage	hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage	242
15072637704	hyaline	most common type of cartilage, articular/coastal	243
15072641774	Fibrocartilage	intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint	244
15072646114	Elasic cartilage	ear/epiglottis	245
15072648505	functions of cartilage	-support soft tissues -articular surfaces for joints -provide a model for endochondral bone formation	246
15072654847	bones	living organs containing all four tissue types -strengthened by calcification	247
15072662495	What do bones provide for the body?	support, movement, hematopoiesis(red blood cell production), storage (of calcium)	248
15072672336	long bones	longer than they are wide	249
15072672337	short bones	nearly equal length and width	250
15072674397	flat bones	thin, flattened, and usually curved	251
15072676181	irregular bones	vertebrae and facial bones	252
15072681546	are ribs considered long bones?	No, because it has a long flat structure	253
15072685177	Diaphysis (shaft)	Elongated body of a long bone	254
15072688020	Epiphyses	ends of long bone, strengthen joints	255
15072695968	metaphyses	between diaphysis and epiphyses; contains epiphyseal growth plate	256
15072698829	articular cartilage	-thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis -reduces friction between articulating bones	257
15072706502	medullary/marrow cavity	-cylindrical space in diaphysis -usually contains yellow bone marrow	258
15072711900	periosteum	-covers external surfaces of bones -acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves -anchored by perforating fibers	259
15072718061	Endosteum	covers most internal surfaces of bones	260
15072721209	Osteoprogenitors	Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts; important in fracture repair	261
15072727797	Osteoblasts	forms bone matrix	262
15072729961	osteocytes	reside in lacunae;maintain matrix and communicate with osteoblasts to cause further deposit of bone matrix	263
15072735522	osteoclasts	cells that dissolve bone	264
15072740471	bone matrix	nonliving, structural part of bone	265
15072746915	compact bone	solid and relitively dense, external surfaces of long and flat bones	266
15072753069	spongy bone	open lattice of narrow places:trabeculae	267
15072757892	osteon	basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone	268
15072772401	central canal	carries blood vessels and nerves	269
15072775108	perforating canals	perpendicular connections to central canal with blood vessels and nerves	270
15072780409	canaliculi canals	between lacunae allowing metabolic interactions between osteocytes	271
15072783865	Lamellae (concentric)	rings of bone around central canal	272
15072785684	circumferential lamellae	along endosteum and periosteum	273
15072789469	interstitial lamellae	"leftover" pieces of old osteons	274
15072792779	ossification	the formation and development of bone	275
15072795370	intramembranous ossification	Develops from mesenchyme Produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and central portion of clavicle	276
15072799809	endochondral ossification	-Begins with hyaline cartilage model -Produces majority of bones in the body	277
15072807901	The epiphyseal plate	a layer of hyaline cartilage at the boundary of the epiphysis and diaphysis	278
15072821188	intersitial growth	growth in length	279
15072822545	appositional growth	growth in diameter	280
15072826831	appositional growth occurs in	periosteum	281
15072835161	Athletes who engage in intense exercise on average have a greater or less bone density?	greater bone density	282
15072843941	osteoperosis	a condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, producing porous and fragile bones	283
15072851638	axial skeleton	skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage (80 bones)	284
15072857187	appendicular skeleton	shoulder and hip bones and those of the upper and lower extremities (126 bones)	285
15072865834	The skull has how many bones?	8 cranial bones with direct contact with the brain and 14 facial bones with no brain contact	286
15072880554	what are the 3 fossa in the cranium	anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa	287
15072884366	nasal complex	Bones and cartilages forming the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses	288
15072890269	paranasal sinuses	air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, located in the bones of the skull	289
15072892685	major types of paranasal sinuses	frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary	290
15072897264	nasal septum	separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils	291
15072900790	deviated septum	a common physical disorder where the nasal septum is displaced; deviated from the center line	292
15072906397	palate	forms the roof of the oral cavity and acts as a barrier to separate it from the nasal cavity	293
15072911340	The hard palate is formed by	palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones	294
15072913786	cleft palate	a congenital split in the roof of the mouth	295
15072917155	vertebral column	A series of 26 irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.	296
15081287506	How many cervical vertebrae are there?	7 (C1-C7)	297
15081287509	How many thoracic vertebrae are there?	12 (T1-T12)	298
15081320250	How many lumbar vertebrae are there?	5 (L1-L5)	299
15081339523	What two inferior bones are fusions of several vertebrae?	sacrum, coccyx	300
15081364866	What are the four adult vertebral curvatures?	Cervical-curves anteriorly thoracic-curves posteriorly lumbar-curves anteriorly sacral-curves posteriorly	301
15081448368	Abnormalities of the normal spinal curvature may be caused by..	poor posture, disease, congenital defects(born with)	302
15081457707	kyphosis	-abnormalities in spinal curvature -a thoracic curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back which leads to a hunchback or slouching posture -can occur any age, rare at birth	303
15081467372	lordosis	-abnormalities in spinal curvature -observed as a protrusion of the abdomen and buttock;often called "swayback"	304
15081516218	Lordosis can be caused by	-degenerative diseases of the spine -excess abdominal fat -pregnancy	305
15081532894	scoliosis	-an abnormal lateral curvature -most common curvature disorder -often occurs in the thoracic region	306
15081571657	Typical vertebra	C3-C7, T1-T12, L1-L5	307
15081578476	Atypical	C1(atlas), C2(Axis), sacrum, coccyx	308
15081624635	anulus fibrosus	outer ring of fibrocartilage	309
15081638638	Nucleus pulposes	the inner gelatinous material that gives discs elasticity and compressibility	310
15081682060	How much length do discs make up of the vertebral column and what do they do?	1/4, and they act as shock absorbers	311
15081712110	herniated disk	occurs when the gelatinous nucleus pulposus protrudes in or through he anulus fibrosus	312
15081770823	Appendicular skeleton (126 bones) is comprised of 4 major groups of bones	perctoral girdle (4 bones) upper limbs (60 bones) pelvic girdle (2 bones) lower limbs (60 bones)	313
15081801882	bracial region	upper limb/arm: -area between shoulder and elbow -consists of only the humerous	314
15081851319	Antebrachial	-area between elbow and wrist -consists of only the radius and ulna	315
15081886333	interosseous membrane	dense regular connective tissue that maintains distance between radius and ulna and provides pivot point for rotation	316
15081914960	Supination	in anatomic position, bones of the forearm are said to be in supination	317
15081935421	pronation	with palm facing posteriorly, radius crosses over the ulna, this position is called pronation	318
15081964201	interosseous membrane	flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and fibula	319
15081969990	femur	longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body	320
15081984359	lower limb-leg	known as the crural region	321
15082032656	Why do feet not rest flat on the floor?	to prevent pinching of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels	322
15082041937	medial arch	from heel to hallux; highest arch	323
15082051899	lateral arch	from heel to fifth toe; lowest arch	324
15082063894	transverse arch	perpendicular to other arches; along distal row of tarsals	325
15082074600	Polydactyly	extra fingers or toes	326
15082081796	petrodactyl	condition of absent digits	327
15082097788	syndactyly	webbed fingers or toes	328
15082109657	meromelia arch	partial (meromelia) or complete absense (amelia) of limbs	329
15082117414	Phocomelia	short, poorly formed limbs that resemble a flipper	330
15082128357	Thalidomide	A mild tranquilizer that, taken early in pregnancy, can produce a variety of malformations of the limbs, eyes, ears, and heart.	331