AP Human Geography Unit 4 Political Flashcards

11951011285	geopolitics	study of government and its policies as affected by physical geography	0
11951011286	territoriality	the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals	1
11951011287	organic theory	expansion to feed new growth or stagnation results (If you are not growing, you are dying)	2
11951011288	heartland theory	1904: Sir Halford Mackinder's theory: take over Eastern Europe and spread outwards	3
11951011289	rimland theory	Spykman's theory that the Eurasian rim, not its heart, held the key to global power	4
11951011290	defined boundary	boundary is created in agreement between two parties in a treaty or other legal document	5
11951011291	delimited boundary	boundary is drawn on a map by cartographers and "agreed" to by two sides	6
11951011292	demarcated boundary	a boundary marked by some visible means on the ground • EX: wall posts, fence, etc.	7
11951011293	natural boundary	a boundary created by physical features, such as a mountain, river, or strait; Missouri River	8
11951011294	geometric boundary	Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines; Libya and Egypt	9
11951011295	cultural boundary	A boundary that follows the distribution of cultural characteristics; rice or wheat based food in China	10
11951011296	antecedent boundary	a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated; US and Canada's use of 49th parallel	11
11951011297	subsequent boundary	A boundary drawn after a cultural landscape is already in place; N. Ireland and Republic of Ireland	12
11951011298	relic boundary	a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features; boundary between West and East Germany	13
11951011299	superimposed boundary	a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern; Berlin Conference dividing Africa	14
11951011300	militarized boundary	a boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages movement; N & S Korea	15
11951011301	open boundary	a boundary where crossing is unimpeded; Schengen Agreement areas of Europe	16
11951011302	definitional boundary	Conflict over how to interpret the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract; mountain areas of Chile and Argentina	17
11951011303	locational boundary	a boundary dispute on where a boundary should be; post-WWI Germany and Poland	18
11951011304	irredentism	any political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a lost homeland	19
11951011305	operational boundary	a boundary dispute that involves how the boundary functions; Syrian refugees crossing into Europe	20
11951011306	allocational boundary	A boundary dispute that involves conflicting claims to the natural resources of a border region; Iraq invaded Kuwait for digging horizontal oil wells	21
11951011307	United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea	establishes how far into the ocean a state's influence extends	22
11951011308	territorial sea	a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state	23
11951011309	contiguous zone	24 nmi from baseline, state can enforce laws in areas of customs, taxation, immigration or pollution	24
11951011310	Exclusive Economic Zone	-To 230 miles (370 kilometers) in which state has right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage	25
11951011311	high seas	refers to the area of the sea beyond the national jurisdiction of any state	26
11951011312	electorate	all of the people entitled to vote in a given election	27
11951011313	census	A periodic and official count of a country's population.	28
11951011314	reapportionment	the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census	29
11951011315	redistricting	the drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes	30
11951011316	gerrymandering	Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.	31
11951011317	cracking	dividing an opponent's voters into other districts to weaken the opponent's voter base	32
11951011318	packing	drawing the lines so they include as many of the opposing party's voters as possible	33
11951011319	shatterbelt	A politically unstable region where differing cultural elements come into contact and conflict.	34
11951011320	unitary state	A state with a strong central government that retains most of the political power	35
11951011321	federal state	an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government	36
11951011322	compact state	a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly	37
11951011323	elongated state	a state with a long, narrow shape	38
11951011324	prorupted state	an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension	39
11951011325	perforated state	A state that completely surrounds another state. (Example: South Africa)	40
11951011326	fragmented state	a state whose territory contains isolated parts, separated and discontinuous	41
11951011327	annexation	The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.	42
11951011328	supranationalism	term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit; NATO, EU, UN	43
11951011329	devolution	transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments	44
11951011330	subnationalism	regional and other alliances within a state that rival the state's dominant nationalism	45
11951011331	balkanization	Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities	46
11951011332	democratization	the transition to a more democratic political regime	47
11951011333	homogeneous	all of the same or similar kind or nature	48
11951011334	state	a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.	49
11951011335	sovereignty	ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states	50
11951011336	nation	a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity	51
11951011337	nation-state	a country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity	52
11951011338	multinational state	state with more than one nation within its borders	53
11951011339	autonomous region	self ruled region within another country - examples: Hong Kong in China, Northern Ireland in the UK	54
11951011340	stateless nation	nation that does not have a state	55
11951011341	multistate nation	nation that stretches across borders and across states	56
11951011342	nationalism	A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country	57
11951011343	centripetal forces	forces that tend to unite or bind a country together, PET	58
11951011344	centrifugal forces	forces that tend to divide a state, FU	59
11951011345	imperialism	domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region	60
11951011346	colonialism	exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one	61
11951011347	Berlin Conference, 1884	European powers divided up Africa without worrying about borders or cultures	62
11951011348	decolonization	The process by which former colonies gain their independence from the mother country	63
11951011349	neocolonialism	the continuation, in a former colony, of colonial exploitation without formal political control	64
11951011350	genocide	Deliberate extermination of a racial, religion, ethnicity, or nation group	65
11951011351	Cold War	the power struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II	66
11951011352	satellite state	a country that is economically and politically dependent on another country	67
11951011353	ethnic cleansing	the systematic killing or extermination of an entire ethnicity	68