AP Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

13880464695	Attribution Theory	The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal).	0
13880464696	Fundamental Attribution Error	The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.	1
13880464697	Attitude	Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. (ABC)	2
13880464698	Central Route Persuasion	Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments, facts and respond with favorable thoughts.	3
13880464699	Peripheral Route Persuasion	Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, emotional responses such as a speaker's attractiveness.	4
13880464700	Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon	The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.	5
13880464701	Role	A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.	6
13880464702	Cognitive Dissonance Theory	The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes.	7
13880464703	Conformity	Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.	8
13880464704	Normative Social Influence	Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.	9
13880464705	Informational Social Influence	Influence (conforming) resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.	10
13880464706	Social Facilitation	Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.	11
13880464707	Social Loafing	The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.	12
13880464708	Deindividuation	The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. (Mob Mentality)	13
13880464709	Group Polarization	The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. (Extremes)	14
13880464710	Groupthink	The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.	15
13880464711	Culture	The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.	16
13880464712	Norm	An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior.	17
13880464713	Personal Space	The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.	18
13880464714	Prejudice	An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.	19
13880464715	Stereotype	A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.	20
13880464716	Discrimination	(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.	21
13880464717	Ingroup	"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.	22
13880464718	Outgroup	"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.	23
13880464719	Ingroup Bias	The tendency to favor our own group.	24
13880464720	Scapegoat Theory	The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.	25
13880464721	Other-Race Effect	The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias	26
13880464722	Just-World Phenomenon	The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. (Blame the Victim)	27
13880464723	Aggression	Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.	28
13880464724	Frustration-Aggression Principle	The principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.	29
13880464725	Mere Exposure Effect	The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.	30
13880464726	Passionate Love	An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.	31
13880464727	Companionate Love	The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.	32
13880464728	Equity	A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.	33
13880464729	Self-Disclosure	Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.	34
13880464730	Altruism	Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.	35
13880464731	Bystander Effect	The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.	36
13880464732	Social Exchange Theory	The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.	37
13880464733	Reciprocity Norm	An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.	38
13880464734	Social-Responsibility Norm	An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.	39
13880464735	Conflict	A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.	40
13880464736	Social Trap	A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.	41
13880464737	Mirror-Image Perceptions	Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.	42
13880464738	Self Fulfilling Prophecy	A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.	43
13880464739	Superordinate Goals	Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.	44
13880464740	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT)	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.	45
13880464777	Diffusion of Responsibility	Reduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others.	46
13880464778	Ethnocentricism	Evaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one's own culture.	47
13880464779	Compliance	Conforming to a request or demand.	48
13880464780	Pygmalion in the Classroom	Experiment by Rosenthal and Jacobsen that measured the impact(s) of expectation on student performances; supporting the theory of a self-fulfilling prophecy.	49
13880464781	Temporal Comparison	when we compare our performance to our own past performance(s).	50
13880464782	Social Comparison	when we compare our performance to the performance(s) of others.	51
13880464783	Reference Groups	Groups we are similar to with who we compare ourselves to.	52
13880464784	Relative Deprivation	The tendency when we compare ourselves to others to feel worse off then them.	53
13880464785	False Consensus Effect	overestimating the number of people who share our belief or action.	54
13880464786	Leon Festinger	Measured cognitive dissonance by paying participants to $1 or $20 to lie about the enjoyment of a dull task. Participants paid $1 more likely to change their beliefs about the task.	55
13880464787	Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory	Explaining behaviors based on a person's characteristics; traits, maturity, etc.	56
13880464788	Situational (External) Attribution Theory	Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual.	57
13880464789	Phillip Zimbardo	Examined the impact of social roles and authority on behavior with his famous Stanford Prison experiment.	58
13880464790	Solomon Asch	Examined the impact of conformity with his famous Line Perception experiment.	59
13880464791	Obedience	A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure.	60
13880464792	Stanley Milgram	Examined the impact of obedience to authority with his controversial Shock experiment.	61
13880464793	Prisoner's Dilemma	Social trap where 2 prisoners are separated and have to consider the impacts of cooperating with their partner or competing to get the first confession.	62
13880464794	Commons Dilemma	Social trap where people must consider how much they take or use of a scarce resource.	63
13880464795	Public Goods Dilemma	Social trap where people must consider how much to give/contribute to a shared resource.	64
13880464796	Consummate Love	Sternberg believes this is the ultimate form of love that has all 3: Passion, Intimacy & Commitment (Companionate).	65
13880464797	Robert Sternberg	Theorized the Triangle Theory of Love when describing social relationships. PIC: Passion, Intimacy & Commitment (Companionate).	66
13880464798	Matching Hypothesis	Idea that individuals pair up into relationships with people who are similar to their level of physical attraction.	67
13880464799	Albert Bandura	Developed Social Learning Theory, where children learn through watching AND imitating actions.	68
13880464741	structuralism	an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind	69
13880464742	functionalism	a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish	70
13880464743	behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)	71
13880464744	humanistic psychology	historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth	72
13880464745	psychology	the science of behavior and mental processes	73
13880464746	nature vs. nurture	the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture	74
13880464747	natural selection	the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on to succeeding generations	75
13880464748	biopsychosocial approach	an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis	76
13880464749	biological psychology	a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes	77
13880464750	evolutionary psychology	the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection	78
13880464751	psychodynamic psychology	a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders	79
13880464752	behavioral psychology	the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning	80
13880464753	cognitive psychology	the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatin	81
13880464754	social-cultural psychology	the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking	82
13880464755	Mary Whiton Calkins	American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association	83
13880464756	Charles Darwin	English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)	84
13880464757	Dorothea Dix	A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.	85
13880464758	Sigmund Freud	Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).	86
13880464759	G. Stanley Hall	american psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association	87
13880464760	William James	founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment	88
13880464761	Abraham Maslow	humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence	89
13880464762	Ivan Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)	90
13880464763	Jean Piaget	Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation	91
13880464764	Carl Rogers	1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person	92
13880464765	B. F. Skinner	behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons	93
13880464766	Socrates	Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth	94
13880464767	E. B. Tictchner	Introduced experimental psychology to the United States	95
13880464768	Margaret Floyd Washburn	Was the first female PhD in psychology	96
13880464769	John B. Watson	behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat	97
13880464770	Wilhelm Wundt	german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879	98
13880464771	Introspection	a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings	99
13880464772	Gestalt Psychology	a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts	100