Chapter 18 APES Friedland, Chapter 5 APES Flashcards

11530257630	Extinction	When the last member of a species dies	0
11530257631	Inbreeding Depression	When individuals with similar genotypes, typically relatives, breed with each other and produce offspring that have an impaired ability to survive and reproduce	1
11530257632	Endangered	Serious risk of extinction	2
11530257633	Svalbard Global Seed Vault	Contains strong seed varieties in case of natural disasters	3
11530257634	Extinct species	Existed as recently as the year 1500 but no longer today	4
11530257635	Threatened species	Have a high risk of extinction in the future	5
11530257636	Near-threatened species	Very likely to become threatened in the future	6
11530257637	Least concern species	Wide and abundant	7
11530257638	Native species	Species that live in their historical range	8
11530257639	Alien species	Species that live outside their historical range	9
11530257640	Invasive specieas	When an alien species spreads rapidly across large areas	10
11530257641	Lacey Act	Prohibits the transport of illegally harvested game animals across state lines, 1900	11
11530257642	CITES	Controls international trade of threatened plants and animals 1973	12
11530257643	Red List	List of threatened species made by IUCN	13
11530257644	Convention on Biological Diversity	1992, An international treaty to help protect biodiversity	14
11530257645	Edge Habitat	Where two different communities come together, typically forming an abrupt transition,	15
11530257646	Biosphere Reserves	Protected areas consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissible human impact	16
11530257647	Endangered Species Act	Has prevented or altered some construction projects to accommodate threatened or endangered species, 1973, on of the worlds toughest environmental laws.	17
11530257648	Marine Mammal Protection Act	Prohibits the killing of all marine animals in the US and import and export of body parts, 1972	18
11530257677	Dodo	hunted to extinction on the island of Mauritius	19
11530257678	Silver Carp (asian carp)	invasive fish brought in to eat excess algae in fish farms and waste treatment holding ponds.	20
11530257679	Zebra Mussel	native to the Black Sea, unintentionally introduced into the Great Lakes from the ballast water of ships	21
11530257680	Brown Headed Cowbird	bird that lays its eggs in the nests of other birds	22
11530257681	captive breeding	animals that are bred in captivity with the intention of releasing their young back into the wild	23
11530257682	passenger pigeon	last of its kind, Martha, died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914	24
11530257683	Kudzu	introduced plant used for asian beverages, to control soil erosion (since it grows fast!)and a source of tree free paper and herbal remedies. Problem is that it is invasive	25
11530257684	Zebra Mussel	accidentally introduced in the ballast water from ships. Invasive animal	26
11530257685	Japanese Beetle	deliberately introduced to control aphids, became invasive since no natural predators	27
11530257686	water hyacinth	deliberately introduced for water gardens, invasive	28
11530257687	purple loosestrife	deliberately introduced for water gardens, purple flower, invasive	29
11530257688	african honey bee	deliberately introduced insect, agressive	30
11530257689	European Starling	deliberately introduced bird, was in Shakespeares plays	31
11530257690	illegal wildlife trafficking	2nd larges black market commerce in the world	32
11530257691	house sparrow	bird that was introduced to the US as a traveler on ships.	33
11530257692	amphibians	great indicator species because they live in many different places and respond quickly to environmental change. They are easy to track and count. Suffering from Chytrid fungus.	34
11530257693	Blue Whales	endangered species that can be hunted legally under the endangered species act for scientific purposes.	35
11530257694	Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)	Governmental agency that enforces the Endangered Species Act	36
11530257695	Habitat Corridors	stretches of land that link isolated nature reserves	37
11530257696	lumber, fuelwood, hunting	List three economic services provided by forests	38
11530257697	1995	Year that wolves were released into Yellowstone	39
11530257698	Habitat destruction	greatest threat to most species (which letter in HIPPCO?)	40
11530257699	inbreeding depression	when individuals that are closely related breed with each other	41
11530257700	10 million	estimated number of species on earth	42
11530257701	2 million	identified number of species on earth	43
11530257702	native species	species that live in their historical range	44
11530257703	Marine Mammal Protection Act 1972	environmental legislation that protects sea lions and other marine mammals	45
11530257649	ecosystem diversity	the variety of ecosystems within a given region	46
11530257650	species diversity	the variety of species within a given ecosystem	47
11530257651	genetic diversity	the variety of genes within a given species	48
11530257652	species richness	the number of species in a given area	49
11530257653	species evenness	the relative proportion of different species in a given area	50
11530257654	microevolution	evolution occurring below the species level (genes)	51
11530257655	macroevolution	evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phlya	52
11530257656	speciation	the evolution of new species	53
11530257657	mutation	a random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process	54
11530257658	artificial selection	a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of humans selecting which individuals breed (with traits that are useful or aesthetically pleasing)	55
11530257659	natural selection	a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of the environment determining which individuals can survive and reproduce	56
11530257660	fitness	an individual's ability to survive and reproduce	57
11530257661	adaptation	a trait that improves an individual's fitness	58
11530257662	geographic isolation	physical separation of a group of individuals from others of the same species	59
11530257663	reproductive isolation	the result of two populations within a species evolving separately so they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring	60
11530257664	genetically modified organism	an organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species	61
11530257665	range of tolerance	the limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate	62
11530257666	fundamental niche	the suite of ideal environmental conditions for a species, it includes abiotic factors such as temperature range, pH range, salinity,	63
11530257667	realized niche	the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives	64
11530257668	species distribution	the distribution of species' population among a region	65
11530257669	niche generalist	a species that can live under a wide range of abiotic and biotic conditions	66
11530257670	niche specialist	a species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat to feed on a small group of species	67
11530257671	mass extinction	a large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time	68
11530257672	sixth mass extinction	extinction rates vary from 2% to 25% of species going extinct by 2020	69
11530257673	background extinction	the average rate at which species become extinct over the long term	70
11530257674	coevolution	process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other	71
11530257675	resource partitioning	a situation in which two species divide a resource, based on differences in their behavior or morphology	72
11530257676	competitive exclusion principle	two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist	73
11530257704	genetic drift	change in genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating	74
11530257705	bottleneck effect	a reduction in genetic diversity of a population caused by reduction in the size of the population, this can be from habitat loss or a disaster.	75
11530257706	founder effect	a change genetic composition due to a few individuals starting a new population away from a mainland population	76
11530257707	allopatric speciation	type of speciation that occurs when species become geographically isolated from each other and then reproductive isolation occurs over time. Darwins finches are thought to have evolved this way	77
11530257708	sympatric speciation	type of speciation that occurs in the absence of geographic isolation. Usually involves polyploidy, which is when the number of chromosomes increases from two sets to 3,4,6 o r 7 sets. Plants like wheat, bananas or strawberries do this.	78
11530257709	generalists	organisms that have broad diets and wide habitat requirements. example raccoon, cock roach	79
11530257710	specialists	organisms that have specific diets or specific habitat requirements. For example a panda that can eat only eucalyptus leaves.	80