Campbell: Biology in Focus Chapter 6 Flashcards
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| 12644608743 | metabolism | The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of exergonic and endergonic reactions, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism. |  | 0 |
| 12644608744 | metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either build a complex molecule (synthesis pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (degradation pathway). |  | 1 |
| 12644608745 | catabolic pathway / degradation reactions | A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules. |  | 2 |
| 12644608746 | anabolic pathway / synthesis reactions | A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules. |  | 3 |
| 12644608749 | kinetic energy | The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter. |  | 4 |
| 12644608752 | potential energy | The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure). |  | 5 |
| 12644608759 | first law of thermodynamics | The principle of conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |  | 6 |
| 12644608760 | entropy | A measure of disorder, or randomness. |  | 7 |
| 12644608761 | second law of thermodynamics | The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat. |  | 8 |
| 12644608763 | free energy | The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. |  | 9 |
| 12644608764 | exergonic reaction | A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy. |  | 10 |
| 12644608765 | endergonic reaction | A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. |  | 11 |
| 12644608766 | chemical, transport, mechanical | The three types of cellular work. |  | 12 |
| 12644608767 | energy coupling | In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. |  | 13 |
| 12644608768 | adenosine triphosphate | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |  | 14 |
| 12644608770 | enzyme | A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |  | 15 |
| 12644608771 | catalyst | A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |  | 16 |
| 12644608772 | activation energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb beore a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation. |  | 17 |
| 12644608773 | substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. | | 18 |
| 12644608774 | enzyme-substrate complex | A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s). |  | 19 |
| 12644608775 | active site | The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs. |  | 20 |
| 12644608776 | induced fit | Caused by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate. |  | 21 |
| 12644608777 | cofactor | Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely and reversibly, |  | 22 |
| 12644608778 | coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Includes most vitamins, which function in metabolic reactions. |  | 23 |
| 12644608779 | competitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics. |  | 24 |
| 12644608780 | noncompetitive allosteric inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product. |  | 25 |
| 12728142142 | Factors affecting enzyme activity | Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration | 26 | |
| 12728272063 | feedback inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. |  | 27 |