AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

13873424694	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13873424695	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13873424696	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13873424697	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13873424698	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13873424699	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13873424700	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13873424701	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13873424702	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13873424703	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13873424704	why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13873424705	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13873424706	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13873424707	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13873424708	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13873424709	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13873424710	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13873424711	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13873424712	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13873424713	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13873424714	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13873424715	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13873424716	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13873424717	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13873424718	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13873424719	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13873424720	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13873424721	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13873424722	theory	general idea being tested	28
13873424723	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13873424724	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13873424725	mode	appears the most	31
13873424726	mean	average	32
13873424727	median	middle	33
13873424728	range	highest - lowest	34
13873424729	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13873424730	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13873424731	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13873424732	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13873424733	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13873424734	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13873424735	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13873424736	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13873424929	neuron		43
13873424737	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13873424738	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13873424739	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13873424740	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13873424741	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13873424742	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13873424743	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13873424744	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13873424745	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13873424746	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13873424747	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13873424748	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13873424749	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13873424750	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13873424751	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13873424752	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13873424753	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13873424754	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13873424755	reticular formation (stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13873424756	reticular formation (damaged)	coma	63
13873424757	brainstem (severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13873424758	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13873424759	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13873424760	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13873424761	cerebellum (damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13873424762	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13873424763	amygdala (lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13873424764	amygdala (stimulated)	aggressive	71
13873424765	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13873424766	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13873424767	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13873424768	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13873424769	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13873424770	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13873424771	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13873424772	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13873424773	occipital lobe	vision	80
13873424774	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13873424775	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13873424776	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13873424777	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13873424778	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13873424779	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13873424780	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13873424781	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13873424782	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13873424783	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13873424784	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13873424785	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13873424786	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13873424787	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13873424788	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13873424789	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13873424790	rods	night time	97
13873424791	cones	color	98
13873424792	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13873424793	Trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13873424794	Opponent-process theory (Hering)	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13873424796	frequency we hear most	human voice	102
13873424797	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	103
13873424798	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	104
13873424799	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	105
13873424800	Skin feels	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	106
13873424801	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	107
13873424802	memory of pain	peaks and ends	108
13873424803	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	109
13873424804	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	110
13873424805	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	111
13873424806	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	112
13873424807	perception	mood + motivation	113
13873424808	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	114
13873424809	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	115
13873424810	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	116
13873424811	Artificial light	Affects circadian rhythm	117
13873424812	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	118
13873424813	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	119
13873424814	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	120
13873424815	insomnia	can't sleep	121
13873424816	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	122
13873424817	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	123
13873424818	night terrors	prevalent in children	124
13873424819	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	125
13873424820	dreaming	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	126
13873424821	purpose of dreaming	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	127
13873424823	depressants	slows neural pathways	128
13873424824	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	129
13873424826	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	130
13873424827	stimulants	hypes neural processing	131
13873424829	caffeine	((stimulant))	132
13873424832	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	133
13873424833	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	134
13873424836	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	135
13873424837	types of learning	classical operant observational	136
13873424838	classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	137
13873424839	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	138
13873424840	observational psychologists	Bandura	139
13873424841	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	140
13873424842	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	141
13873424843	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	142
13873424844	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	143
13873424845	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	144
13873424846	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	145
13873424847	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	146
13873424848	operant conditioning	control by organism	147
13873424849	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	148
13873424850	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	149
13873424851	reinforcement	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	150
13873424852	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	151
13873424853	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	152
13873424854	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	153
13873424855	organism must do these	fixed ratio and variable ratio	154
13873424856	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	155
13873424857	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	156
13873424858	these things happen regardless	fixed interval and variable interval	157
13873424859	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	158
13873424860	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	159
13873424861	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	160
13873424862	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	161
13873424864	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	162
13873424865	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	163
13873424866	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	164
13873424867	Bobo doll study	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	165
13873424868	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	166
13873424869	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	167
13873424870	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	168
13873424871	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	169
13873424872	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	170
13873424873	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	171
13873424874	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	172
13873424875	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	173
13873424876	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	174
13873424877	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	175
13873424878	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	176
13873424879	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	177
13873424880	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	178
13873424881	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	179
13873424882	encoding	information going in	180
13873424883	storage	keeping information in	181
13873424884	retrieval	taking information out	182
13873424885	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	183
13873424886	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	184
13873424887	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7+/-2	185
13873424888	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	186
13873424889	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	187
13873424890	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	188
13873424891	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	189
13873424892	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	190
13873424893	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	191
13873424894	implicit memory	naturally do	192
13873424895	explicit memory	need to explain	193
13873424896	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	194
13873424897	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	195
13873424898	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	196
13873424899	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	197
13873424900	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	198
13873424901	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	199
13873424902	effortful processing	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	200
13873424903	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	201
13873424904	if we can't remember a memory	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	202
13873424905	misinformation effect	not correct information	203
13873424906	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	204
13873424907	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	205
13873424908	priming	association (setting you up)	206
13873424909	context	environment helps with memory	207
13873424910	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	208
13873424911	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	209
13873424912	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	210
13873424913	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	211
13873424914	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	212
13873424915	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	213
13873424916	children can't remember before age	3	214
13873424917	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	215
13873424918	prototypes	generalize	216
13873424919	problem solving	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	217
13873424920	against problem solving	fixation	218
13873424921	mental set	what has worked in the past	219
13873424922	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	220
13873424923	Chomsky (nature or nurture)	"born with language" (nature)	221
13873424924	Skinner (nature or nurture)	language is learned (nurture)	222
13873424925	grammar is _________	universal	223
13873424926	phonemes	smallest sound unit	224
13873424927	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	225