APES AP Review Flashcards

13777188132	First Law of Thermodynamics	energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another	0
13777203590	Second Law of Thermodynamics	when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)	1
13777218403	High Quality Energy	organized & concentrated; can perform useful work (fossil fuel & nuclear)	2
13777228305	Low Quality Energy	disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or air wind, solar)	3
13777240291	Units of energy	joules, calories, kilocalories, BTU's, kilowatt-hours	4
13777242170	Power	the rate of doing work	5
13777248072	Units of Power	Watts and kilowatts	6
13777269807	Electromagnetic Radiation	form of energy, travel as waves-radio wave, IR, visible light, UV, gamma rays	7
13777293547	Ionizing Radiation	has enough energy to knock electrons from atoms, forming ions and capable of doing damage to DNA. (Gamma rays, X-rays, UV)	8
13777297828	Radioactive Decay	unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha & beta particles	9
13777311748	Half-Life	length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay	10
13777320604	Nuclear Fission	nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons	11
13777326430	Nuclear Fusion	a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy.	12
13777333984	Parts of the hydrologic cycle	evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration	13
13777347034	Fate of precipitation	runoff or infiltration, percolation	14
13777351011	Aquifer	underground water-bearing layers of porous rock, sand, or gravel	15
13777363209	Water Table	The upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater	16
13777371135	cone of depression	lowering of the water table around a pumping well	17
13777374922	Salt water intrusion	over pumping of groundwater near coast causes salt water to move into aquifer.	18
13777381974	Ways to conserve water	agriculture = drip/trickle irrigation; industry = recycling; home = use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures	19
13777393138	Distribution of Water on Earth	97 % seawater, 3% freshwater (2% icecaps and glaciers, <1% in ground water, surface, organisms and atmosphere).	20
13777398458	Carbon	component of all organic molecules	21
13777408735	Photosynthesis	process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches	22
13777414757	cellular respiration	organisms break down carbohydrates; releases energy, returns C to atmosphere	23
13777444892	Nitrogen	component of proteins (amino acids) and nucleic acids.	24
13777447896	nitrogen fixation	Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia	25
13777454413	Nitrification	ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3-).	26
13777456537	Assimilation	plants incorporate ammonia and nitrate ions into organic molecules	27
13777490582	Ammonification	decomposer bacteria break down organic compounds into ammonia	28
13777498074	Denitrification	Specialized bacteria convert nitrogen compounds into N2 gas which is released into the atmosphere.	29
13777504701	Phosphorous	component of nucleic acids	30
13777515884	P cycles more slowly	no gaseous phase, mostly found in rocks as PO4, released by weathering	31
13777525363	Plate Tectonics	Earth's crust is broken into plates which move relative to each other, movement caused by convection currents dissipating Earth's internal heat	32
13777568023	Volcanoes and Earthquakes	Occur at tectonic plate boundaries:	33
13777582136	Divergent plate boundaries	Areas where plates move away from each other, forming either mid oceanic ridges or rift valleys.	34
13777622210	Convergent plate bounaries	Oceanic plate subducts under ocean or continental plates, causes volcanoes and trenches	35
13777622211	Transform boundaries	plate slide past each other, causes earthquakes	36
13777638759	Rock cycle	relationship of rocks and rock formation processes.	37
13777647018	Rock types according to origin	igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic	38
13777651261	Minerals	are not renewable. Mineral deposits most abundant at plate boundaries.	39
13777683172	Ore	concentration of mineral is high enough so that it is profitable to mine	40
13777695406	Mineral Reserve	identified deposits, profitable to mine	41
13777707907	Surface Mining	strip mining, cheaper, less dangerous to miners. Problems: toxic runoff, acid drainage.	42
13777710877	Soil Texture	size of soil particles; sand, silt, clay	43
13777717928	Humus	organic material in soil	44
13777722474	Leaching	removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards	45
13777730575	Permeability	ability to transmit water	46
13777739070	Porosity	ability to hold or absorb water	47
13777747230	Troposphere	0-17 km above Earth's surface, site of weather, organisms, contains most atmospheric water vapor. (temperature decreases with increasing altitude, pressure decreases)	48
13777757774	Stratosphere	17-48 km above surface, contains ozone layer approximately 20-30 km above Earth's surface (12-18 miles) (temperature increases with increasing altitude, pressure decreases)	49