APES Flashcards

8902779874	solar / wind / water / geothermal / biomass	Renewable resources	0
8902785071	nonrenewable resources	once the supply of resources is used up it cannot be replenished	1
8902791050	fossil fuels and nuclear energy	nonrenewable resources	2
8902795591	coal, oil, natural gas	fossil fuels	3
8902813359	34	natural gas electricity %	4
8902815428	30	coal electricity %	5
8902818034	20	nuclear electricity %	6
8902820896	7	Hydroelectric electricity %	7
8902825084	1	solar electricity %	8
8902827077	.5	oil electricity %	9
8902840009	Proponents want the jobs the pipeline would create Oil would get to refineries in Texas faster	benefits of Keystone XL Pipeline	10
8902846441	Opponents dislike the destruction of the boreal forests in Canada Potential for an oil spill over the Ogallala Aquifer in the United States More carbon intensive process than fracking or oil drilling / climate change	drawbacks of Keystone XL Pipeline	11
8902862246	venezuela, saudi arabia, canada	top 3 oil countries	12
8902867275	russia, iran, quatar	top 3 natural gas countries	13
8902870026	USA, russia, china	top 3 coal countries	14
8902880490	energy obtained from the fuel divided by energy invested to obtain the fuel	EROEI equation	15
8902888011	EROEI	the bigger the number the better the energy return	16
8902900886	Technically recoverable	physical amount of a certain fossil fuel that is present in the earth	17
8902904398	economically recoverable	cost of process to extract a certain fossil fuel determines if that amount will actually be extracted	18
8902927811	Exxon Valdez BP Oil Spill	major oil accidents	19
8902930780	West Virginia coal mine explosion Chilean miners trapped for 33 days	major coal accidents	20
8902930781	Canada is a stable, friendly, democratic neighbor It is already the United States' largest trading partner Would lessen reliance on Middle Eastern oil	why would using Canada's oil sands solves many issues associated with U.S. oil supply?	21
8902952719	OPEC's (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)	their oil embargo in 1973 caused panic and skyrocketing prices, spurring inflation	22
8902959969	Covered birds in oil, which led to many deaths. Covered shrimp, fish, etc. in oil Covered plants in oil, which killed many of them Erosion of marshes due to loss of plants	Deepwater Horizon Environmental Consequences	23
8902966396	fisheries and shrimpers out of work because they could not catch their fish Beach tourism declined	Deepwater Horizon Economic Consequences	24
8902975885	Removes sulfate and captures carbon dioxide then compresses carbon dioxide into liquid and finally injects it into ground	Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)	25
8902979666	Don't know if carbon will stay in the ground May trigger earthquakes Decreases EROEI of coal	drawbacks to carbon capture and storage	26
8902987116	Carbon dioxide is released; CO2 is a greenhouse gas Most fossil fuels release mercury when burned Most fossil fuels release sulfur when burned. High particulate matter release. Frequent exposure to oil and its products can endanger health, possibly leading to cancer.	drawbacks to burning fossil fuels	27
8902991715	Gulf of Mexico and California	In the US, where are most of the offshore drilling rigs?	28
8902994855	Venezuala	What country may exceed Canada in the amount of oil in the oil sands?	29
8902998613	Methane can escape into the atmosphere. Methane is a greenhouse gas. Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, has been linked to groundwater contamination and earthquakes. The process of fracking uses a huge amount of water, which is then contaminated with chemicals.	Natural Gas Disadvantages	30
8903002521	Releases almost no sulfur dioxide when burned (compared to coal and oil, which release much more sulfur dioxide) Emits only 60 % as much carbon dioxide as coal.	Natural Gas Advantages	31
8903008181	secondary extraction	New technology allows more oil to be extracted	32
8903011416	primary extraction	the price of oil was low, so only the easily extracted oil was removed first	33
8903017211	New sources of oil or gas may be discovered Many companies and governments do not reveal exactly how many reserves they have. Secondary extraction estimates differ	Is the estimate of remaining global oil and gas reserves reliable?	34
8903023088	peak oil	when rate of production peaks and then declines	35
8903028035	Hubbert's Peak	calculation stating that US oil production would peak in 1970	36
8903032258	Reserves-to-production ratio (R/P ratio)	the amount of total remaining reserves divided by the annual rate of production (extraction and processing)	37
8903041601	Heating Gas clothes dryer Gas stove Gas hot water heater Power vehicles Gas turbines (produce electricity) Natural gas burning power plants (produce electricity)	Uses of Natural Gas	38
8903048644	methane	major component in natural gas	39
8903091243	Fractional distillation	Method to separate oil into its individual components	40
8903091244	coal, oil, natural gas	order of fossil fuels by most particulate matter	41
8903091245	transportation	main use of oil	42
8903091246	electricity	main use of coal	43
8903210257	fracking	the pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas	44
8903210258	syngas	cleaner gas that helps gain more power from coal with less pollution	45
8903210259	coal is pulverized and heated in a furnace. this heat boils water producing steam that turns a turbine which generates electricity. the steam is then cooled and returned to the furnace	process of coal	46
8903210260	woody organic matter is broken down and put under high heat and pressure	the creation of fossil fuels	47
9094625739	Commercial energy sources	energy sources that are bought and sold, such as coal, oil and natural gas	48
9094632981	Subsistence energy sources	those gathered by individuals for their own use such as wood, charcoal and animal waste	49
9094656021	industry	biggest energy use	50
9094659668	transportation	second biggest energy use	51
9094668792	2nd Law of Thermodynamics	when energy is transformed, its ability to do work dimishes; some energy is lost in each conversion	52
9094887913	Coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear	primary sources of energy	53
9094896086	electricity	secondary source of energy -an energy carrier	54
9094902467	The burning fuel from coal transfers energy (in the form of heat) to water, which becomes steam. The kinetic energy contained within the high pressure steam turns the blades of a turbine, a large device that resembles a fan. As the energy in the steam turns the turbine, the shaft in the center of the turbine turns the generator. The generator is composed of a coil of copper wire turning inside a magnet. This mechanical motion generates electricity, which is electrons in motion.	process of electricity generation	55
9094916148	35%	how efficient are coal burning power plants	56
9094921141	Electrical grid	the network of transmission lines that links the power plants with the end user.	57
9094951514	Natural gas is burned The heat from the combustion of natural gas heats the air. Hot, pressured, air turns a turbine, which turns the generator, giving us electricity. The hot air is still hot enough after turning the turbine to heat water into steam. This steam is pressurized, turns the turbine, and then the generator.	process of a combined cycle natural gas power plant	58
9095238125	Cogeneration	using a fuel to generate electricity and to produce heat.	59
9095269031	capacity factor	used to calculate shut down time of a power plant since they do not run 24 hours a day for 365 days a year, and they must shut down for maintenance.	60
9095350782	arsenic, selenium, cadmium	toxins in coal	61
9095366101	petroleum	a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits and is used as a liquid in vehicles	62
9095374940	Convenient to transport and use Relatively energy-dense Cleaner-burning than coal	advantages of petroleum	63
9095382330	Releases carbon dioxide into atmosphere (but only 85% as much as coal) Possibility of leaks when extracted and transported Releases sulfur, mercury, lead, and arsenic into the atmosphere when burned	disadvantages of petroleum	64
9095400795	natural gas	exists as a component of petroleum in the ground as well as in gaseous deposits separate from petroleum.	65
9095413104	Contains fewer impurities and therefore emits almost no sulfur dioxide or particulates Emits only 60% as much carbon dioxide as coal	advantages of natural gas	66
9095423370	When unburned, methane escapes into the atmosphere Exploration of natural gas has the potential of contaminating groundwater	disadvantages of natural gas	67
9095432958	oil sands	slow-flowing, viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay.	68
9095436859	bitumen	a degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum migrates close to the surface.	69
9095450756	fission	a nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which then splits into two or more parts.	70
9095466455	fuel rods	the cylindrical tubes that house the nuclear fuel used in a nuclear power plant.	71
9095574055	control rods	cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons, thus slowing or stopping the fission reaction.	72
9095584952	No CO 2 is produced No SO2 is produced Basically no air pollution Countries can limit their need for imported oil	Advantages of nuclear energy	73
9095592822	Possibility of accidents Disposal of the radioactive waste Thermal pollution	Disadvantages of nuclear energy	74
9095601527	Abnormally warm water due to the lake being used as a coolant.	thermal pollution	75
9095607798	Lower DO / thermal shock to organisms / impacts on biodiversity	effects of thermal pollution	76
9095619158	Radioactive waste	once the nuclear fuel can not produce enough heat to be used in a power plant but it continues to emit radioactivity.	77
9095623852	High-level radioactive waste	form of radioactive waste used in fuel rods	78
9095634890	low level radioactive waste	the protective clothing, tools, rags, and other items used in routine nuclear plant maintenance.	79
9095648837	Nuclear fusion	the reaction that powers the Sun and other stars. This occurs when lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei and heat is released.	80
9095656895	half-life	the time it takes for one-half of the original radioactive parent atoms to decay.	81
9095716354	High EROEI - 100:1 No air pollution No carbon dioxide (CO2)during operation Less expensive than nuclear or natural gas Recreational opportunities Jobs Tourists	advantages of dams	82
9095722249	Flooding upstream to make the reservoir Reservoir holds more heat and less oxygen-changes the type of species that lives there Alter the river downstream Life cycles of some aquatic species are disrupted Siltation - build up of sediment (dirt and sand) behind the dam	Disadvantages of dams	83
9095727139	Hydroelectricity	electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water ran from the sun.	84
9095737113	Hydroelectricity	second most renewable energy	85
9095739944	biomass	first most renewable energy	86
9095746368	Reservoir	water behind a dam	87
9095751953	Run-of-the-river systems	water is held behind a dam and runs through a channel before returning to the river.	88
9095755006	Water impoundment	water is stored behind a dam and the gates of the dam are opened and closed controlling the flow of water.	89
9095759547	Little flooding occurs upstream River flow changes are not interrupted	Advantages of run of the river systems	90
9095765912	Small Can not store water No electricity when water flow is low	disadvantages of run of the river systems	91
9095794313	passive solar	no pumps, no solar panels, no mechanical devices Using solar radiation to maintain a comfortable temperature in a building without using pumps or other mechanical devices. Uses thermal mass.	92
9095800474	active solar energy	uses technology to focus, move, or store solar energy	93
9095810038	thermal mass	materials that store heat such as straw, brick, or concrete	94
9095813469	Flat plate solar collectors	dark-colored, heat-absorbing metal plates mounted on rooftops	95
9095816936	Water, air, or antifreeze runs through the collectors, transferring heat throughout the building Heated water is stored and used later	process of flat plate solar collectors	96
9095830102	Thin-film solar cells	PV materials that are compressed into thin sheets	97
9095837412	net metering	process in which the value of the power the consumer provides is subtracted from the monthly utility bill	98
9095845839	power tower	numerous mirrors concentrate sunlight onto a receiver on top of a tall tower Heat is transported by air or fluids (molten salts) to a steam-driven generator to create electricity Lenses or mirrors track the sun's movement	99
9095853671	use no fuels, are quiet and safe, contain no moving parts, and require little maintenance Developing nations can use solar cookers to replace the gathering of firewood, decreasing environmental and social stress Most PV owners can sell excess electricity to their local utility through feed-in tariffs or net metering Green-collar jobs are being created They reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and air pollution compared to fossil fuels	benefits of solar	100
9095874074	Daily and seasonal variation can limit stand-alone systems They need storage (e.g., batteries) and backup power Pumped storage hydropower is sometimes used to supplement solar power production	drawbacks of solar	101
9095878703	wind	most rapidly growing source of energy	102
9095884180	Nondepletable No CO2, mercury, or sulfur Wind farms can share the land with other uses, like grazing cattle	benefits of wind	103
9095887369	Noise Birds and bats may be killed Need batteries to store the electricity Only works in windy places	drawbacks of wind	104
9222706902	no	are new renewables easily stored in large quantities?	105
9222712740	fuel cell reaction	2 H2 + O2 → energy + 2 H2O	106
9222725340	Produces only water and heat - no CO2 , CO, or other pollutants Possibly reduce climate change (no CO2 produced) Alleviate dependence on foreign fuels (because cars use most of the energy sources that we import) Will never run out of hydrogen - most abundant element in universe Energy efficient - 35% to 70% depending on type of fuel cell.	advantages to fuel cells	107
9222731479	Lack of infrastructure Hydrogen can catch fire and explode, but under pressure it may be as safe as conventional gas	drawbacks of fuel cells	108
9222734614	from water cells or CH4	how is hydrogen produced?	109
9222747225	electrolysis	electricity splits hydrogen from water 2H2O ⇒ 2H2 + O2	110
9222773700	Natural gas is burned The heat from the combustion of natural gas heats the air. Hot, pressured, air turns a turbine, which turns the generator, giving us electricity. The hot air is still hot enough after turning the turbine to heat water into steam. This steam is pressurized, turns the turbine, and then the generator.	process of combined natural gas power plant	111
9222777955	combined natural gas power fired plant	gas combustion technology has led to...	112
9222781587	Cogeneration	using a fuel to generate electricity and to produce heat.	113
9222785711	commercial energy sources	those that are bought and sold, such as coal, oil and natural gas.	114
9222788276	Subsistence energy sources	those gathered by individuals for their own use such as wood, charcoal and animal waste.	115
9222792340	2nd Law of Thermodynamics	when energy is transformed, its ability to do work dimishes; some energy is lost in each conversion	116
9222794238	geothermal energy	generates electricity from a power plant (like coal or natural gas)	117
9222804854	ground source heat pumps	heats and cools a home - personal source of energy, not for sale and not for electricity	118
9222807739	Heat is released by decaying radioactive elements deep in Earth	process of geothermal power plant	119
9222809931	no carbon dioxide or mercury emissions Renewable	benefits of geothermal	120
9222811790	Geographically limited Emits hazardous gases and steam (hydrogen sulfide -the rotten egg smell) Noisy Can be linked to seismic activity	drawbacks of geothermal	121
9222816990	Use high thermal inertia of ground Fluid is circulated in pipes underground The fluid is run through a compressor in the home, heating or cooling the air. This air is piped through the home just as our present heating/cooling system. The fluid cools or heats and is piped back underground to be heated or cooled again.	process of ground source heat pumps	122
9222821163	No CO2 or CO produced More efficient than a heat pump (electric) or gas furnace Most homes in the US could use this system	benefits of ground source heat pumps	123
9222823590	Expensive up front costs Temporary disturbance of your landscaping	drawbacks of ground source heat pumps	124
9222828724	Water should be injected back into the ground in order to avoid running out of superheated water. Patterns of geothermal energy change over time, so a location that produces hot groundwater now may not always.	why geothermal might not be renewable	125
9222832927	EGS systems	drill into the rock and inject water, allowing the hot temperatures in the earth to heat the water	126
9222837908	Moon, Earth's gravitational force	Where does the potential energy originate for tidal energy?	127
9222840002	Renewable Doesn't divert water (dams) Consistent (solar or wind not consistent)	benefits of tidal	128
9222841590	Expensive upfront costs Limited suitable locations Could disrupt marine life / fish migration	drawbacks of tidal	129