Apes Exam Flashcards

13665515033	ionizing radiation	Enough energy to knock electrons from atoms forming ions, capable of causing cancer (example gamma rays x-rays and UV rays)	0
13665515034	High Quality Energy	organized & concentrated; can perform useful work (fossil fuel & nuclear)	1
13665515035	Low Quality Energy	disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or air wind, solar)	2
13665515036	First Law Of Thermodynamics	Energy is neither created or destroyed but maybe converted from one form to another	3
13665515037	second law of thermodynamics	when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)	4
13665515038	Natural radioactive decay	unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha particles, and beta particles	5
13665515039	Half Life	length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay	6
13665515040	How long a radioactive isotope must be sorted until it decays to a safe level	10 half lives	7
13665515041	Ore	a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine	8
13665515042	Mineral Reserve	identified deposits currently profitable to extract	9
13665515043	Best Solution to energy shortage	conservation and increase efficiency	10
13665515044	Surface mining	cheaper and can remove more minerals; less hazardous to workers	11
13665515045	Humus	organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms	12
13665515046	Nuclear Fission	nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons	13
13665515047	Nuclear Fusion	2 isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Expensive, break even point not reached yet	14
13681785835	Leaching	Removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards	15
13681785836	Illuviation	deposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B)	16
13681785837	Loam	perfect agricultural soil with equal portions of sand, silt, and clay.	17
13681785838	Solutions to soil problems	conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers	18
13681785839	Parts of hydrologic (Water) cycle	evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration	19
13681785840	Aquifer	any water-bearing layer in the ground	20
13681785841	cone of depression	lowering of the water table around a pumping well	21
13681785842	Salt water intrusion	near the coast, over-pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer	22
13681785843	ENSO	El Niño Southern Oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific	23
13681785844	During an El Nino year	trade winds weaken & warm water sloshed back to SA	24
13681785845	During a non El Nino year	easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the west coast of South America	25
13681785846	Effects of El Nino	upwelling decreases disrupting food chains; N U.S. has mild winters, SW U.S. has increased rainfall, less Atlantic hurricanes	26
13681785847	Nitrogen fixing	because atmospheric N2 cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia (NH3) by bacteria (rhizobium)	27
13681785848	Ammonification	decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia	28
13681785849	Nitrification	ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3-).	29
13681785850	Assimilation	inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins.	30
13698362731	Denitrification	bacteria convert ammonia back into N	31
13698362732	Phosphorus does not circulate as easily as nitrogen because	it does not exist as a gas, but is released by weathering of phosphate (PO4)3- rocks	32
13698362733	Because souls contain very little phosphorus	It is a major limiting factor for plant growth	33
13698362734	Excessive phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems by	Runoff of animal waste , fertilizer discharge of sewage	34
13698362735	Plants convert atmospheric c into complex carbohydrates	Photosynthesis	35
13698362736	aerobic respiration	oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2.	36
13698362737	Largest reservoirs of C	carbonate (CO3)2- rocks first, oceans second	37
13698362738	Biotic and abiotic	living and nonliving components of an ecosystem	38
13698362739	Producer/Autotroph	photosynthetic life	39
13698362740	Major trophic levels	Producers-primary consumer-secondary consumer-tertiary consumer	40
13698362741	Energy flows in food webs	Only 10% of the usable energy is transferred	41
13698362742	Why is only 10% transferred	usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey	42
13698362743	primary succession	The development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited ( lava )	43
13698362744	secondary succession	life progresses where soil remains (clear-cut forest, fire)	44
13698362745	Mutualism	symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship	45
13698362746	commenensalism	A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected	46
13698362747	Parasitism	A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed	47
13698362748	Biome	large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals	48
13698362749	carrying capacity	Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support	49
13698362750	r-strategist	reproduce early in life; many small unprotected offspring	50
13698362751	K strategist	reproduce late in life; few offspring; care for offspring	51
13698362752	natural selection	organisms that possess favorable adaptations pass them onto the next generation	52
13698362753	Malthus	said human population cannot continue to increase..consequences will be war, famine & disease	53
13698362754	doubling time	rule of 70; 70 divided by the percent growth rate	54
13698362755	Replacement level fertility	the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing)	55
13698362756	World Population	a little over 6 billion	56
13698362757	Preindustrial stage	birth and death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high	57
13698362758	Transitional stage	death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast	58
13698362759	Industrial stage	decline in birth rate, population growth slows	59
13698362760	Postindustrial stage	low birth and death rates	60
13714478873	Most populated countries	1. China 2. India	61
13714478874	affects population growth the most	Low status / ed of women	62
13714478875	How to decrease birth rate	Family planning , contraceptives , economic rewards & penalties	63
13714478876	Percent water on earth by type	97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater	64
13714478877	Salinazation of soil	in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind	65
13714478878	Ways to conserve water	agriculture = drip/trickle irrigation; industry = recycling; home = use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures	66
13714478879	Point vs. non point sources	Point, from specific location such as a pipe. Non-point, from over an area such as runoff	67
13714478880	BOD	biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials	68
13714478881	Eutrophication	rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrates (NO3)- and phosphates (PO4)3- in water	69
13714478882	Hypoxia	when aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops & the water cannot support life	70
13714478883	Minamata disease	mental impairments caused by mercury	71
13714478884	Primary air pollutants	produced by humans & nature (CO, CO2, SO2, NO, hydrocarbons, particulates).	72
13714478885	secondary pollutants	formed by reaction of primary pollutants	73
13714478886	particulate matter	Source: burning fossil fuels and diesel exhaust Effect: reduces visibility & respiratory irritation Reduction: filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy)	74