APES final Flashcards

8475047269	negative feedback loop	CO2 in atmosphere--> global warming--> more plants---> photsynthesis--x-> CO2 levels in atmosphere	0
8475066260	positive feedback loop	CO2 levels in atmosphere--> global warming--> gasses are less soluble in liquids---> ocean releases more CO2---> CO2 levels in atmosphere	1
8475081083	free trade	complex policy with clear benefits and losses; impacts the environment	2
8475093374	benefits of free trade	access to natural resources, mutual economic benefit, builds a middle class, move towards democracy	3
8475104041	losses of free trade	exported jobs, exports wealth from developing world, increases class separation, less regulation, labor issues, environmental issues	4
8475114241	environmental justice	developed world is exporting pollution to the developing world for our profit	5
8475120979	GDP	gross domestic product 1) consumer spending 2) investments 3) government spending 4)net exports(exports-imports) weaknesses- no measure of distribution of wealth - environmental degration	6
8475145320	GPI	genuine progress indicator 1)consumer spending 2)education 3) income distribution 4) pollution 5) resource depletion 6) health	7
8475155382	market failure	market values are inaccurate	8
8475672445	externalities	market effects that are unintended	9
8475676957	market forces	not motivating constructive actions	10
8475683077	positive externalities	public transit improves quality of life boosts economy envitronmental	11
8475691203	negative externalities	pollution resource degredation	12
8475701505	kuznets curve		13
8475709712	leap frogging	countries that skip generations of technology	14
8475714879	precautionary principle	assume dangerous until proven	15
8475717270	post cautionary principle	react only after something is proven harmful	16
8475730831	tombstone mentality	don't acknowledge problem until death	17
8475745897	ecosystem	location distinguished by its particular interactions of biotic and abiotic factors	18
8475757693	biotic	species present -animal, plant, microorganisms genetic diversity predator-prey relations symbiosis competition invasive species	19
8475778379	abiotic	temperature precipitation sunlight availability of water soil nutrients pollution salinity dissolved oxygen	20
8475796015	ecosystem boundaires	difficult to define; caves, lake, pond, stream	21
8475939482	strategies to define a boundary	1)species of interest 2) geography 3) political or administrative	22
8475952587	producers/autotrophs	obtain energy from the sun	23
8475956055	phototrophs	use photosynthesis to convert light energy to chemical energy	24
8475961146	chemotrophs	use chemo-synthesis to convert inorganic material in mineral or methane into organic chemical energy	25
8475979763	consumers	must rely on other living things	26
8475988336	primary consumers	herbivores & consume producers	27
8476012069	secondary consumers	carnivores	28
8476014545	tertiary consumers	apex predators & consume other predators	29
8476021354	decomposers	chemically break down things	30
8476026883	scavenger	carnivores, animals that eat dead animals	31
8476032035	photosynthesis	6CO2+6H2O-----> 6C6H12O6+6O2	32
8476037868	cellular respiration	6O2+C6H12O2----> 6H2O+6CO2	33
8476047795	all life	what life respires?	34
8476047797	GPP- gross primary productivity	total amount of photosynthesis	35
8476054927	NPP- net primary producticity	how much respiration	36
8476062050	1st law of thermodynamics	energy is conserved	37
8476066898	2nd law of thermodynamics	entropy (disorder) is always increasing	38
8476072960	10%	% of energy that remains usable in the next trophic level is ecological efficiency	39
8476099235	60%	% of respiration by plants	40
8476100993	99%	% of energy passing with out being absorbed	41
8476106209	1%	% of solar energy that strikes producers and captured by photosynthesis	42
8476113994	standing crop	the total amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time	43
8476120498	energy flow pyramid		44
8476127247	reservoir	major form of an element or compound as it is found or stored on earth	45
8476130288	nirtogen	major reservoir- air/atmosphere	46
8476134587	N2	free nitrogen- highly inert	47
8476151931	rhizobium	lives in root of nodules of legumes--> beans, peas, peanuts	48
8476182918	haber process	N2+3H2----> 2Nh3	49
8476136763	nitrogen fixation	STEP ONE OF NITROGEN CYCLE 1)lighting strikes -origin of life 2)nitrogen fixing bacteria azotobacter-free living 3)industiral process -human impact is 30-40% N2--> NO3	50
8476190397	nitrification	SECOND STEP OF NITROGEN CYCLE nitrifying bacteria ammonium/ammonia NH4+ or NH3----> NO2--->No3	51
8476203086	denitfirication	THIRD STEP OF NITROGEN CYCLE denitrifying bacteria NO3----> N2	52
8476222851	assimilation	FOURTH STEP OF NITROGEN CYCLE branches off of step 2 plants NO3---> biological N	53
8476232960	ammonification	FIFTH STEP OF NITROGEN CYCLE decomposing bacteria N---> NH3	54
8476246697	ecosystem resistance	measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem	55
8476259714	ecosystem reslienece	measure of how quickly the ecosystem recovers from a disturbance	56
8476270430	species diversity OR species richness	number of species present	57
8476277828	genetic diversity	the variety of traits and genes present in a population or ecosystem	58
8476283327	ecosystem diversity	variety of ecosystems in an area; how interconnected ecosystems are; how complex ecosystems are	59
8476292024	2 million	number of known species on earth	60
8476296027	5-100 million	number of estimated total species	61
8476298873	species richness	number of species	62
8476304785	species eveness	how evenly distributed the population sixes are	63
8476311958	evolution	where does biodiversity come from?	64
8476316643	population	unit of evolution	65
8476319003	microevolution	evolution within a single species change in gene frequency new trait becoming fixed --> 100% of population	66
8476325996	macroevolution	relationships between different species -phylogeny -speciation	67
8476339182	mutation	only way brand new traits form random usually silent often deleterious sometimes (rare) good	68
8476358192	recombination	creates new combinations of traits in complex life- sex in bacteria- trade genes -- conjugation --transformation --transduction	69
8476366866	natural selection	1)variation (diversity) 2) heritable (genetic) 3) fitness (competition, selective pressure, survival of the fittest) excess offspring-not all survive	70
8476385935	artificial selection	humans choose -agriculture -dog breeds -GMO -faster than naturally	71
8476394267	genetic drift	-random -much slower	72
8476398589	bottleneck effect	major disaster mass random death	73
8476403152	founder effect	new organisms in an area	74
8476408158	reproductive isolation	species becoming divided into two populations that do not mate with one another	75
8476413445	geographic isolation	allopatric & sympatric	76
8476419254	allopatric isolation	speciation with geographic isolation	77
8476421724	sympatric isolation	speciation without geographic isolation	78
8476421725	behavioral isolation	isolation between populations due to differences in courtship or mating behavior	79
8476692167	temporal isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times	80
8476695050	polyploidy	plants have a possible mutation where offspring have a different number of copies of the entire genome	81
8476707165	fast evolution	-small population -short generation length -high biodiversity -high mutation rate -high selective pressure	82
8476714635	slow evolution	large population long generation time low biodiversity low mutation rate low selective pressure	83
8476719679	niche	includes habitat, strategies, behaviors, and roles of an organism	84
8476724035	fundamental niche	everywhere a species could survive and sustain a population	85
8476727991	realized niche	everywhere a species currently survives and sustains population	86
8476736996	extinction	all dead, everywhere	87
8476739601	extirpation	local extinction	88
8476748691	endangered	danger of extinction	89
8476750491	threatened	likely to become endangered	90
8476750494	exotic	organism outside its natural location	91
8476753036	invasive	no natural enemies	92
8476764205	predation	one organism kills and consumes others for food	93
8476792206	symbiosis	when two species or more have closely intertwined life cycles	94
8476796245	parasitism	one benefits and one suffers	95
8476807028	commensalism	one benefits and one is unaffected	96
8476809272	mutualism	both benefit	97
8476811547	interspecies competition	between many species- competition for territory, food, sunlight or other limited resources	98
8476821395	intraspecies competition	within one species- limited resources	99
8476833864	competitive exclusionary principle	no two organisms can occupy the same niche without competing intensely until one goes extinct	100
8476841033	resource partitioning	Differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist.	101
8476852025	density dependent factors	food space water sunlight nutrients disease	102
8476860866	density independent factors	natural disasters abiotic factors temperature pH dissolved O2	103
8476872431	intrinsic growth rate	the maximum potential for growth of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources	104
8476928401	carrying capacity	Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support	105
8476945645	r-selected	no parental care fast reproduction more offspring @ once reaches sexual maturity faster shorter gestation shorter generation smaller offspring	106
8476956222	k-selected	slow reproduction one or few offspring reaches sexual maturity slowly longer generation longer gestation larger offspring	107
8476975256	ITCZ	intertropical convergence zone	108
8476978498	adiabatic	process that changes temperature without changing heat	109
8476985927	hadley cell		110
8476989679	troposphere	closest to earth included the air we breathe weather occurs about 10 miles contains about 80% of the atmosphere	111
8477009221	stratosphere	contains the ozone layer absorbs UV rays from the sun	112
8477160499	mesosphere	middle layer	113
8477162194	thermosphere	very wide/thick/deep absorbs harmful x-rays and UV rays contains charged gases that produce light when struck by solar radiation aurora borealis	114
8477175389	exosphere	extremely disperse/thin outerspace(mildly)	115
8477186439	reasons for unequal heating of the earth	1) light from a lower angle is spread over a large area 2)distance through the atmosphere 3)albedo	116
8477197159	El nino	-tradewinds across south america weaken -warm water from pacific moves to south america -upwelling is supressed -reduced fish population -fighing in south americais poor -temperature/precipitation alteration	117
8477220782	coriolis effects	occurs because the earth is a sphere and not a flat plane, and the rotation of the surface of the Earth is faster at the equator than at the poles northern- deflect right southern- deflect left	118
8477240430	desert	-always hot, slightly seasonal, always dry	119
8477246207	tropical seasonal rainforest/savannah	"rainy" -extreme wet season, dry season, always warm	120
8477250188	tropical rainforest	always hot, always rainy	121
8477256588	june 21st; 22.5*N	tropic of cancer	122
8477259263	december 21st; 22.5*S	tropic of capricorn	123
8477261726	taiga	some-what wet, long and cold winter, temperature is seasonal	124
8477273118	tundra	very dry and cold, temperature is seasonal	125
8477281349	temperate seasonal forest	moderate, seasonal temperature, year round	126
8477287448	temperate grassland	drier than temperate seasonal forest	127
8477299368	temperate rainforest	oceans moderate temperature, oceans increase rainfall, not as rainy as tropical rainforest	128
8477305313	woodland/shrubland	Mediterranean, chaparral, hot warm dry summers	129
8477320651	mineral recycling	very profitable when feasible	130
8477324011	crust	distinct chemical compound; solid, hard, brittle	131
8477327694	mantle	top- brittle solid mantle, hard middle- ductile solid, softer, asthenosphere bottom- liquid magma	132
8477345414	outer core	liquid magma	133
8477348396	inner core	solid mass inside earth	134
8477374274	o horizon	organic horizon, may be absent, include detritus, in various state of composition	135
8477383293	a horizon	top soil, mixture of organic materials and minerals- agriculture	136
8477390773	e horizon	zone of eluviation(leaching), appear to be washed out, might not be present, might be between o and a	137
8477403260	b horizon	subsoil, zone of accumulation, leached materials accumulate(illuviation), mostly minerals and a dew organic elements	138
8477418143	c horizon	least weathered, rocky, youngest soil	139
8477420323	r horizon	bedrock, parent material	140
8477424311	humus	component of soil comprised of decaying organic matter	141
8477430726	leaching	eluviation; washing out of removal of minerals from soil by water	142
8477437653	illuviation	deposition of minerals into soil by water	143
8477443384	soil composition	mineral particles=45% water=25% air=25% organic material=5%-10% living matter -10% roots -80% humus	144
8477458674	porosity	amount of pore space; measure with standing water	145
8477461156	permeability	flow of water; passing water through	146
8477465309	texture	size of granule	147
8477467745	cation exchange capacity	how quickly or easily soil exchanges minerals with H2O	148
8477473366	base saturation	measure of acidity= % of basic compounds/% of acidic compounds	149
8477480217	ideal agricultural soil	medium porosity medium permeability high CEC high base saturation LOAM	150
8477489823	open pit mining	copper mines; limestone quarries	151
8477496450	mountain top removal mining	the top of a mountain is blown off using TNT to expose ore; tailings are placed in lower elevations	152
8477501677	strip mining	soil/rock is stripped away, exposing ore	153