AP Psychology Cognition Flashcards

8156263550	memory	any system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information	0
8156263551	information-processing model	cognitive understanding of memory emphasizing how information is changed	1
8156263552	encoding	one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves modification of information	2
8156263553	storage	one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves retention of encoded material over time	3
8156263554	retrieval	one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves location and recovery of information	4
8156263555	eidetic imagery	especially clear form of memory; "photographic memory"	5
8156263556	sensory memory	preserves brief sensory impressions of stimuli	6
8156263557	short-term memory (STM)	preserves recently perceived events for less than a minute	7
8156263558	long-term memory (LTM)	largest memory capacity and duration; stores material organized by meaning	8
8156263559	chunking	organizing pieces of information into smaller, more meaningful units	9
8156263560	maintenance rehearsal	information is repeated or reviewed to keep from fading in working memory	10
8156263561	elaborative rehearsal	information is actively reviewed and related to information already in LTM	11
8156263562	acoustic encoding	conversion of information to sound patterns	12
8156263563	levels-of-processing theory	information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory will be remembered better	13
8156263564	procedural memory	stores memories for how things are done	14
8156263565	declarative memory	stores facts	15
8156263566	episodic memory	stores memory for personal events	16
8156263567	semantic memory	stores general knowledge, including meanings of words	17
8156263568	anterograde amnesia	inability to for memories for new information	18
8156263569	consolidation	process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories	19
8156263570	retrograde amnesia	inability to remember information previously stored in memory	20
8156263571	flashbulb memory	clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful event	21
8156263572	implicit memory	memory that was not deliberately learned	22
8156263573	explicit memory	memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled	23
8156263574	retrieval cues	stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness	24
8156263575	priming	technique for curing implicit memories tha provides cues to stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection	25
8156263576	recall	retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information	26
8156263577	recognition	retrieval method in one must identify present stimuli as being previously presented	27
8156263578	mood-congruent memory	memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood	28
8156263579	forgetting curve	graph plotting amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material	29
8156263580	proactive interference	cause of forgetting in which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new information	30
8156263581	retroactive interference	cause of forgetting by which newly learned information prevents retrieval of previously stored material	31
8156263582	suggestibility	memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion	32
8156263583	misinformation effect	distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformaiton	33
8156263584	expectancy bias	a tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one's expectations	34
8156263585	self-consistency bias	commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our beliefs and ideas than we actually are	35
8156263586	persistence	memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind	36
8156263587	mnemonics	techniques for improving memory by making connections between new material and information already in LTM	37
8156263589	language acquisition device (LAD)	biologically organized mental structure that facilitates learning of language because (according to Chomsky) it is innately programmed with grammatical rules	38
8156263590	grammar	rules of a language, specifying how to use stuff to make other stuff make sense	39
8156263591	morphemes	meaningful units of language that make up words	40
8156263592	overregularization	applying a grammatical rule too widely and creating incorrect forms	41
8156263593	concepts	mental representations of categories of items or ideas based on experience	42
8156263594	prototype	ideal or most representative example of a conceptual category	43
8156263595	concept hierarchies	levels of concepts in which a more general level includes more specific concepts	44
8156263596	schema	knowledge luster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, people, etc.	45
8156263597	algorithms	problem-solving procedures or formulas	46
8156263598	heuristics	cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks	47
8156263599	mental set	tendency to respond to a new problem in the strategy used for a previous problem	48
8156263600	functional fixedness	inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose	49
8156263601	hindsight bias	tendency, after learning about an event, to "second guess" that one could have predicted the events	50
8156263602	anchoring bias	faulty heuristic caused by basing an estimate on an unrelated quantity	51
8156263603	representativeness bias	faulty heuristic based on the presumption that once people or events are categorized, they share all the features of other members in that category	52
8156263604	availability bias	faulty heuristic that estimates probabilities on information that can be recalled	53
8156263605	distributed learning	technique where learner spaces learning sessions over time	54
8156263606	overlearning	startegy when the learner continues to study and rehearse the material after it has been brought to mastery	55
8156263607	working memory	combines STM and LTM	56
8156263608	Insight	a sudden realization of a solution	57
8156263609	confirmation bias	only paying attention to things that confirm your belief	58
8156263610	phonemes	the smallest individual sounds in a language	59
8156263611	automatic processing	encoding of information with little to no effort	60
8156263612	effortful processing	encoding of information in which a lot of work is needed	61
8156263613	deep processing	encoding of information with a large amount of understanding	62
8156263614	shallow processing	encoding of information that does not included a much understanding	63
8156263615	iconic memory	momentary visual processing	64
8156263616	echoic memory	momentary auditory processing	65
8156263617	state-dependent memory	retrieval of information when a person is in the same state of consciousness	66
8156263618	rehearsal	the repetition of information	67
8156263619	serial position effect	retrieving information most effectively from the beginning and the end	68
8156263620	constructed memory	memories that are distorted	69
8156263621	source amnesia	the inability to retrieve where information was learned from	70