AP Chemistry Spring Final Flashcards

7015423999	Hydroxide		0
7015426445	Hydronium	The predominant form of the proton in an aqueous solution.	1
7015431512	STP (Gas Laws)	Charles' Law: (V1/T1)=(V2/T2) Boyle's Law: P1V1=P2V2 Avogadro's Law: (V1/n1)=V2/n2) Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT Partial Pressures: P total= P1+P2+P3... Combined Gas Law: (P1V1/T1)=(P2V2/T2)	2
7015446344	Stoichiometry	The relationship among the quantities of reactants and products involved in chemical reactions.	3
7015448158	Half-Reactions	An equation for either an oxidation or reduction that explicitly shows the electrons involved. Ex: Zn^2+(aq) + 2e- => Zn (s)	4
7015455379	Oxidation	A process in which a substance loses one or more electrons.	5
7015457291	Reduction	A process in which a subsatance gains one or more electrons.	6
7015458971	Redox Reaction	A reaction in which certain atoms undergo changes in oxidation states. The substance increasing in oxidation state is being oxidized. The substance decreasing in oxidation state is being reduced.	7
7015474132	Basic (Base)	A substance that is an H+ acceptor; a base produces an excess of OH-(aq) ions when it dissolves in water. 8-14 on the pH scale.	8
7015477405	Acidic (Acid)	A substance that donates an H+ ion and hence increases the concentration of H+(aq) when it dissolved in water.	9
7015484069	Neutral	A solution in which [H+]=[OH-]	10
7015487117	Molarity		11
7015491482	Molality		12
7015493453	Oxidation Numbers	A positive or negative whole number assigned to an element in a molecule or ion on the basis of a set of formal rules; to some degree it reflects the positive or negative character of that atom.	13
7015502325	Solubility	The amount of a substance that dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature to form a saturated solution.	14
7015507141	Effusion	The escape of gas through an orifice or hole.	15
7015510043	Diffusion	The spreading of one substance through a space occupied by one or more other substances.	16
7015515882	Specific Heat	The heat capacity of 1 gram of substance; the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1 degree Celsius.	17
7015521680	Exothermic	A process in which a system releases heat to its surroundings.	18
7015524027	Endothermic	A process in which a system absorbs heat from its surroundings.	19
7015526728	Henry's Law	A law stating that the concentration of a gas in a solution is proportional to the pressure if the gas over the solution.	20
7015533102	Joules	The SI unit of energy (J); 1kg-m^2/S^2	21
7015535821	Calorie	A unit of energy, it is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 degrees Celsius to 15.5 degrees Celsius.	22
7015542420	Density	D= M/V	23
7015545976	Rate Law	AN equation that related the reaction rate to the concentrations of reactants. (Sometimes products).	24
7015550743	Elementary Step	A process in a chemical reaction that occurs in a singles event or step. An overall chemical reaction consists of one or more elementary reactions or steps.	25
7015556480	Entropy	A thermodynamic function associated with the number of different equivalent energy states. It's a state function! #DISORDER	26
7015565305	Enthalpy	A quantity defined by the relationship H=E+PV ; the delta H for a reaction that occurs at a constant pressure is the heat absorbed in a reaction. #HEAT	27
7015572083	Gibbs Free Energy	A thermodynamic state function that combines enthalpy and entropy, in the form G=H-TS ; For a change occurring at a constant temperature and pressure, the change in free energy is represented as: deltaG=deltaH-(T)(deltaS)	28
7015581191	Equilibrium	Occurs when a reaction and its reverse reaction (speed) proceed at the same rate.	29
7015586462	-Saturated -Unsaturated -Supersaturated	-A solution in which undissolved solute and dissolved solute are in equilibrium. -Solutions containing less solute that a saturated solution. -Solutions containing more solute that=n an equivalent saturated solution.	30
7015593091	pH	The negative log base 10 of the aquated hydronium ion concentration: pH=-log[H+]	31
7015596469	pOH	The negative log base 10 of the hydronium ion concentration: pOH=-log[OH-]	32
7015603025	Scientific Notation	4 x 10^3 = 4000 4 x 10^-3= .004	33
7015605871	Kelvin	The absolute temperature scale: K=C+273	34
7015614413	Keq		35
7015609674	Heats of Formation	The amount of heat absorbed at 25 degrees Celsius and at one atom when one mole of compound is formed from its constituent elements.	36
7015628944	Freezing Point Depression	The process in which adding solute to a solvent decreases the freezing point of the solvent. q	37
7015632686	Boiling Point Elevation	The process in which adding another compound raises the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent).	38
7015637783	Conjugate Acid-Base Pair	An acid and a base, such as H2O and OH-, that differ only in the presence or absence of a proton.	39
7015643320	Conjugate Acid	A substance formed by the addition of a proton to the Bronsted-Lowry base.	40
7015650788	Conjugate Base	A substance formed by the loss of a proton from the Bronsted-Lowry acid.	41
7015652563	Colligate Properties	Those properties of a solvent (vapor-pressure lowering, freezing pt lowering, boiling pt elevation, osmotic pressure etc) that depend on the total concentration of solute particles present.	42
7015661237	LeChatelier's Principe	A principle stating that when we disturb a system at equilibrium, the relative concentrations of reactants and products shift as to partially undo the effects of the disturbance.	43
7015667304	Dilution	The process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one by adding solvent.	44