AP Psychology Flashcards

15142785600	yep		0
15029429608	Social Trap	Conflicting parties that become caught in mutually destructive behavior i.e. thinking someone hates you, then you give off bad vibes so they think you hate thEm and they start doing the same thing. Becomes an endless cycle	1
15029480870	Mirror-Image Perceptions	Mutual views often held by conflicting parties/people i.e. one side views itself as ethical and peaceful while the other is evil and aggressive, other side thinks the same thing.	2
15029517348	Self-fulfilling Prophecy	a belief that leads to its own fulfillment i.e. you wont like a certain teacher/subject so you go in with a bad mindset and therefore dont like the teacher/subject.	3
15029536132	Superordinate Goals	shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation i.e. solving gun violence but also keeping freedom requires both parties.	4
15029549429	GRIT	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.	5
15030684146	Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)	The tendency for observers when analyzing others behaviors to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.	6
15030757824	Dispositional attribution/internal attribution	Inferring that personal factors are the cause of an event or behavior.	7
15030787370	foot-in-the-door phenomenon	the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request	8
15030792908	cognitive dissonance theory	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent	9
15030810017	altruism	unselfish regard for the welfare of others	10
15030821651	bystander effect	the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present	11
15030832047	social exchange theory	the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs	12
15030837276	reciprocacy norm	an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them	13
15030843033	social-responsibility norm	an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them	14
15030848288	conflict	a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas	15
15030868791	parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	16
15030878829	Explicit memories (declarative memories)	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"	17
15030903544	Implicit memories (nondeclarative memories)	retention independent of conscious recollection	18
15030927234	echoic memory	Attention elsewhere but words can still recalled within 3 or 4 seconds	19
15030947330	shallow processing	encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words	20
15030953323	deep processing	encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention	21
15030959263	semantic distinctiveness	Odd one out	22
15030966345	serial position effect	Stuff in middle is "blurry"	23
15030977384	Frontal lobes	Memory processing, left and right process different types(left passwords,etc. Right, visual,etc.)	24
15030993883	Hippocampus	Center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories. When left damaged trouble with verbal info when right damaged, trouble with locations and visual designs.	25
15031026044	Cereblellum	Key role in forming and storing implicit memories created by classic conditioning.	26
15031060099	basal ganglia	deep brain structures involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills	27
15031162438	Amygdala	two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.	28
15031167183	Semantic	general knowledge	29
15031175721	Episodic	Specific knowledge to you	30
15031179360	long-term potentiation(LTP)	an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory	31
15031184933	mood-congruent memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood	32
15031190033	Priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response	33
15031200971	context dependant memory	Memorizing people's names based on where they sit in a room	34
15031212992	proactive interference	Old learning effects new learning	35
15031217350	retroactive interference	New learning effects old knowledge	36
15031224301	motivated forgetting	People unknowingly revise their memories	37
15031234480	anterograde amnesia	An inability to form new memories	38
15031237358	retrograde amnesia	An inability to recall information from past	39
15031249547	Yuppies	young, urban professionals who wore ostentatious gear such Rolex watches or BMW cars. They came to symbolize the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of Americans in the 1980s.	40
15142432372	Latin definition of Psychology	Study of the soul	41
15142439956	Current Definition of Psychology	the study of the mind and mental processes	42
15142455731	Lev Vygotsky	Social-Cultural Psychologist, community plays large role in "making meaning", Social learning tends to precede development.	43
15142482410	sociocultural perspective	cultural factors such as language, art, social norms, and social structures shape mental processes and cognitive abilities.	44
15142498791	Endel Tulving (1985)	helped separate declarative memory into Episodic and Semantic memory. Retrieval separated into storage found where memory in brain happens	45
15142642779	Evolutionary Perspective	useful mental and psychological traits like memory, perception, or language, are adaptions, or functional products of natural selection. Key Words; Survive, Reproduce	46
15142736558	R. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga	corpus calloscotomy alleviate epileptic seizures- can effect behavior and agency split brain syndrome. can be like split personalities-different behaviors.	47
15142790103	Elizabeth Loftus	cognition and memory; studied repressed memories and false memories; showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony	48
15339458235	nature-nurture issue	the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture	49
15339467442	biopsychosocial approach	an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis	50
15339473100	Psychometrics	the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits	51
15339486320	positive psychology	the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive	52
15339495580	quantitative psychologists	Psychologists who develop and use statistical tools to analyze research data	53
15339505638	forensic psychologists	apply psychological principles to legal issues	54
15339517500	hindsight bias (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)	the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	55
15339524688	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.	56
15339536230	perceiving order in random events	Humans want to see a whole rather than parts we tend to connect the parts to create one logical line of thinking	57
15339542507	scientific attitude	curiosity, skepticism, humility	58
15339547988	operational definitions	a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study	59
15339558648	sampling bias	a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample	60
15339567325	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	61
15339574175	correlation coefficient	a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)	62
15339580897	ASSOCIATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION	ASSOCIATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION	63
15339593892	illusory causation	the perception of a relationship where none exists	64
15339601573	confounding variable	a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment	65
15339607227	Case study pros and cons	+ Allow observation of a rare or infrequent situation + Can generate new ideas, perspectives and techniques + Challenge existing assumptions - Observers are typically biased - Situations and outcomes can be subjective - Inherently idiographic	66
15339611412	Survey pros and cons	+ fast, lot more data, ways to do it without sampling bias, etc. -can be very affected by any sampling bias or wording effects	67
15339647444	naturalistic observation pros and cons	+ Unbiased info, large sample size, - not good for cause and effect, time consuming	68
15339666909	Validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to	69
15339685056	behavioral sink	area in which the negative effects of high density are intensified rats	70
15339690662	yupps	yeuh	71
15701388409	frontal lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement	72
15701392728	temporal lobe	An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information	73
15701398614	Peripheral Lobe	top of brain, discriminates between textures and shapes	74
15701398615	occipital lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information	75
15702652662	ventricles of the brain	Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Ventricles are also found in the heart. They are the two lower chambers of the heart.	76
15702656592	cingulate gyrus	a strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum	77
15702656593	Thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	78
15702659574	Hypothalamus	part of the brain above the thalamus that controls the pituitary gland and therefore the endocrine system. It is responsible for homeostasis	79
15702663622	optic chamber	where optic nerves cross on route to the thalamus to occcipital lobe	80
15702675160	pituitary gland	The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.	81
15702678621	Midbrain	A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.	82
15702678622	Pons	A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain	83
15702682468	medulla oblongata	Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.	84
15702686342	Meninges	three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord	85
15702689221	cerebral cortex	The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.(outer layer of cerebrum)	86
15702706580	Cerebrum	Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body	87
15702710146	corpus callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them	88
15702710148	pineal gland	secretes melatonin	89
15702713931	Cerebellum	A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.	90
15702802301	premotor cortex	a region of nonprimary motor cortex just anterior to the primary motor cortex	91
15702809147	Broca's area	Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.	92
15702813379	premotor area	responsible for thinking of movement to be made	93
15702820267	olfactory cortex	smell	94
15702827162	auditory area	temporal lobe, interprets hearing	95
15702832080	auditory cortex	the area of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information	96
15702841343	Wernicke's area	controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe	97
15702845967	visual cortex	The visual processing areas of cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes.	98
15702850069	visual association area	interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex	99
15718672502	limbic system	A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.	100
15718985744	sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations	101
15718985747	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy	102
15792499075	Reward pathway in the brain	Pleasure center, where pleasure seems to be so desired that the animal will continue to behave in such a manner that the pleasure received. The desire for pleasure over-rides other drives	103
15792561990	nucleus accumbens	a subcortical structure that participates in reward and addiction	104
15792566754	Seratonin pathway	Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is synthesized, stored, and released by specific neurons in this pathway. ... For example, the serotonin neurons in the neocortex in the front of the brain (frontal cortex) regulate cognition, memory, and perceptions	105
15794946798	parietal lobe	receives sensory input for touch and body position	106
15812520490	left brain functions	analytic thought, logic, language, science and math	107
15812817281	right brain functions	holistic thought, intuition, creativity, art and music	108
15812817282	yeah		109