Campbell Biology- Chapter 52 Flashcards
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| 9884768726 | Population | A group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area | 0 | |
| 9884768727 | Population Density | The number of individuals per unit area | 1 | |
| 9884768728 | Population density is the result of... | Mortality Natality Immigration Emigration (Is difficult and impractical to to determine, but not impossible) | 2 | |
| 9884768729 | Mortality | Deaths | 3 | |
| 9884768730 | Natality | Births | 4 | |
| 9884768731 | Immigration | New individuals coming in | 5 | |
| 9884768732 | Emigration | Individuals exiting a population | 6 | |
| 9884768733 | Calculate Population density by (2 ways) | The Quadrant Method The Mark and Recapture Method | 7 | |
| 9884768734 | The Mark and Recapture formula (for population density) | (M*(CwM+Cw/oM)) N=------------------------ (CwM) | 8 | |
| 9884768735 | The Quadrant Method is used for calculating the population of... | Plants | 9 | |
| 9884768736 | The Mark and Recapture Method is used for calculating the population of... | Animals | 10 | |
| 9884768737 | What was the point of the Mark and Recapture lab? | To be able to calculate the population of a group of organisms without having to individually count them. | 11 | |
| 9884768738 | Population Dispersion | The pattern of spacing among individuals with in the boundaries of the population | 12 | |
| 9884768739 | Dispersion patters | Clumped Uniform Random | 13 | |
| 9884768740 | Clumped patterns | -The individuals are aggregated in patches -Influenced by available resources - The U.S. is clumped - Most common dispersal pattern | 14 | |
| 9884768741 | Uniform | - The individuals are evenly distributed - Influenced by social interactions like territoriality - King penguins in South Georgia Island in the South Atlantic Ocean | 15 | |
| 9884768742 | Random | - The position of each individual is independent of other individuals - seeds being dispersed by animals randomly | 16 | |
| 9884768743 | Demography | The study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time | 17 | |
| 9884768744 | Growth rate formula | Growth Rate= Birth rate - Death rate (r= b-d) | 18 | |
| 9884768745 | What is a Life table | - An age specific summary of the survival patterns of a population - Is best constructed by following the fate of a cohort | 19 | |
| 9884768746 | What is a Cohort | A group based on age and time | 20 | |
| 9884768747 | What can you deduce from the life table about Female and Male Ground Squirrels? | - The female ground squirrels live longer - Because the male squirrels are the ones who go out to forage, and put themselves in danger, which means that they are more likely to die | 21 | |
| 9884768748 | Life history traits are evolutionary outcomes reflected in... | the development, physiology and behavior of an organism | 22 | |
| 9884768749 | Semalparity | "Big Bang reproduction". They mate a single time, then die | 23 | |
| 9884768750 | Iteroparity | Repeated reproduction. (reiterate) | 24 | |
| 9884768751 | Reproduction types in animals | Semalparity and Iteroparity | 25 | |
| 9884768752 | Why do plants make large amounts of small seeds? | They are ensuring that at least some of them will grow and eventually reproduce themselves | 26 | |
| 9884768753 | Why do plants make very few large seeds? | They provide a large store of energy that will help seedlings become established | 27 | |
| 9884768754 | Which one is better? -Large amounts of small seeds -Very few amounts of big seeds | They are both equal | 28 | |
| 9884768755 | Population Growth Rate Equation | r=b-d | 29 | |
| 9884768756 | It is useful to study population growth in an idealized situation because | In order to understand the capacity of species for increase and the condition that may facilitate this type of growth | 30 | |
| 9884768757 | The population growth rate formula doesn't factor in | immigration and emigration. It is based in an unlimited environment | 31 | |
| 9884768758 | When does zero population occur? | When the birth rate equals the death rate | 32 | |
| 9884768759 | Equation for Zero Population Growth | dN ---- = rN dt | 33 | |
| 9884768760 | d | change in | 34 | |
| 9884768761 | t | time | 35 | |
| 9884768762 | N | population size | 36 | |
| 9884768763 | r | if population is growing (r>0) or declining (r<0) | 37 | |
| 9884768764 | Exponential model | population increase under idealized conditions | 38 | |
| 9884768765 | With the Exponential model the rate of reproduction is at its | maximum | 39 | |
| 9884768766 | The exponential model is not realistic because | resources become limited as the population grows | 40 | |
| 9884768767 | Exponential Growth Equation | dN ----- = r max N dt | 41 | |
| 9884768768 | The exponential growth graph makes a | J-shaped curve | 42 | |
| 9884768769 | Can exponential growth be sustained for long periods of time? | No, because it doesn't account for the maximum population size the environment can support. The population will eventually reach the carrying capacity | 43 | |
| 9884768770 | Variable for carrying capacity | K | 44 | |
| 9884768771 | The logistic growth model includes the concept of | Carrying capacity | 45 | |
| 9884768772 | Logistic model | a model describing population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity | 46 | |
| 9884768773 | The death rate _________ when resources become limited | increases | 47 | |
| 9884768774 | When the environment can't support any more individuals it is at | carrying capacity | 48 | |
| 9884768775 | The logistic population growth model graph is shaped like an | S | 49 | |
| 9884768810 | Logistic growth equation |  | 50 | |
| 9884768776 | Types of Reproductive strategies within a population | r-selected and k-selected populations | 51 | |
| 9884768777 | r-selected populations | the concept that in certain populations, a high reproductive rate is the chief determinate of life history | 52 | |
| 9884768778 | r-selected populations characteristics | - High ability to reproduce - Small body size - early maturity onset - short generation time - ability to disperse offspring widely - little to no parental care | 53 | |
| 9884768779 | Examples of r-selected populations | fish, bacteria, insects, weeds, some mammals, and small rodents | 54 | |
| 9884768780 | Do we see exponential growth when we look at a logistic growth chart? | yes | 55 | |
| 9884768781 | Logistic Population Growth Graph | first section- growth is slow, not a lot of organisms to reproduce second section- population growth is exponential third section- population growth slows as the population reaches carrying capacity fourth section- carrying capacity has been reached. |  | 56 |
| 9884768782 | K- Selected populations | Life history is centered around producing few offspring that have a good chance of survival. | 57 | |
| 9884768783 | K- Selected populations characteristics | - Large body size - Long life expectancy - production of little offspring - lots of parental care | 58 | |
| 9884768784 | K- Selected population examples | Elephants, Humans, whales, gorillas | 59 | |
| 9884768785 | Factors that limit population growth | - Density independent factors - Density independent factors | 60 | |
| 9884768786 | Density independent factors | when a birth rate or death rate doesn't change with population density | 61 | |
| 9884768787 | Density independent factor examples | - floods, fires, volcanoes, tornadoes | 62 | |
| 9884768788 | Density dependent factors | any characteristic that varies according to an increase in the population | 63 | |
| 9884768789 | Density dependent factor examples (6) | - competition for resources- food, water, nutrients - territoriality- space resource - health- transmission of diseases - predation- if a prey population increases, a predator may feed on it - toxic wastes- metabolic by-products can accumulate and poison the organisms - intrinsic factors- aggressive interaction can cause reproduction rates to drop millions of people moving to California will cause a food shortage there | 64 | |
| 9884768790 | Metapopulation | When a population of a single species is linked through immigration and emigration - influences the population | 65 | |
| 9884768791 | High levels of ___________ combined with higher ____________ can result in greater stability in populations | immigration; survival rate | 66 | |
| 9884768792 | Population cycle | When populations fluctuate at unpredictable intervals. Boom and bust cycles are influenced by complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors | 67 | |
| 9884768793 | Time lag | an increase in prey will cause an increase in predators a short time later. A decrease in prey will cause a decrease in predators a short time later. | 68 | |
| 9884768794 | The human population growth has slowed after centuries of... | exponential growth | 69 | |
| 9884768795 | No population can grow | indefinitely | 70 | |
| 9884768796 | The human population ____________ relatively slowly until about 1650 when we began to grow __________ | slowly exponentially | 71 | |
| 9884768797 | The human population began to __________ after the industrial revolution because | increase - better medication - able to mass produce food | 72 | |
| 9884768798 | Three things that will decrease the human population | - global famine - global war - global plague | 73 | |
| 9884768799 | To maintain population stability a regional human population can exist in one of two configurations. They are... | 1. Zero population growth = high birth rates - high death rates 2. Zero population growth = low birth rates - low death rates | 74 | |
| 9884768800 | One important demographic factor in present and future growth trends is a country's __________ and the relative number or __________ at each angle | age structure individuals | 75 | |
| 9884768801 | Age structure | - Represented in Pyramids - Can predict a population's growth trends - Can illuminate social conditions and help us plan for the future | 76 | |
| 9884768811 | Rapid growth age structure pyramid |  | 77 | |
| 9884768812 | Slow/stable growth age structure pyramid |  | 78 | |
| 9884768813 | Decreasing growth age structure pyramid |  | 79 | |
| 9884768802 | Infant mortality and life expectancy at birth... | varies widely among developed and developing countries BUT do not capture the the wide range of human condition | 80 | |
| 9884768803 | The carrying capacity of Earth for humans is | uncertain | 81 | |
| 9884768804 | The United States wastes __________ than other countries | more | 82 | |
| 9884768805 | The ecological footprint concept summarizes | the aggregate land and water area needed to sustain the people of a nation | 83 | |
| 9884768806 | The ecological footprint concept is one measure of how | close we are to the carrying capacity of Earth | 84 | |
| 9884768807 | Ecological footprints for 13 countries | Shows that the countries vary greatly in their footprint size and their available ecological capacity | 85 | |
| 9884768808 | Carbon footprint | the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide | 86 |