Campbell Biology - Chapter 26 Flashcards

11305873225	phylogeny	the evolution history of a species or group of related species	0
11305873226	systematics	a scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships	1
11305873227	taxonomy	a scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life	2
11305873228	binomial	the two-part, latinized format for naming a species, consisting of the genus and specific epithet	3
11305873255	Linean classification		4
11305873229	Taxon	a named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification	5
11305873230	phylogenetic tree	a hypothetic branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms	6
11305873231	Phylocode	proposed system of classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships: only groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants are named	7
11305873232	branch points	the representation on a phylogenetic tree of the divergence of two or more taxa from a common ancestor	8
11305873233	rooted	describing a phylogenetic tree that contains a branch point representing the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree	9
11305873234	basal taxon	in a specified group of organisms, a taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of the group	10
11305873235	polytomy	in a phylogenetic tree, a branch point from which more than two descendant taxa emerge. A polytomy indicates that the evolutionary relationships between the descendant taxa are not yet clear	11
11305873236	analogy	similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait	12
11305873237	homoplasies	a similar structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two species	13
11305873238	molecular systematics	a scientific discipline that uses nucleic acids or other molecules to infer evolutionary relationships between different species	14
11305873239	cladistics	an approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups based primarily on common descent	15
11305873240	clades	a monophyletic group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	16
11305873241	monophyletic	pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. a monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade	17
11305873242	paraphyletic	pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants	18
11305873243	polyphyletic	pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors	19
11305873244	shared ancestral character	a character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade	20
11305873245	shared derived character	an evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade	21
11305873246	outgroup	a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied. it is selected so that its members are closely to the group of species being studied, but not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other	22
11305873247	ingroup	a species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships we seek to determine	23
11305873248	maximum parsimony	a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts	24
11305873249	maximum likelihood	as applied to molecular systematics, a principle that states that when considering multiple phylogenetic hypotheses, one should take into account the hypothesis that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time	25
11305873250	orthologous genes	widespread homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation	26
11305873251	paralogous genes	homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication	27
11305873252	molecular clock	a method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on the observation that some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates	28
11305873253	neutral theory	the hypothesis that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by natural selection	29
11305873254	horizontal gene transfer	the transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms	30
11305904573	morphology vs common ancestors	difference between linean classification and phylogeny	31
11305909255	sister taxa	Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other's closest relatives.	32
11305917834	patterns of descent not phenotypic similarity	phylogenetic trees show ____ not ____	33
11305927757	fossil evidence and a degree of complexity not molecularity	homology can be distinguished from analogy by	34
11305934463	a phylogeny	identified homologous characters can infer	35
11305961999	differentiate between shared derived and shared ancestral characters	the ingroup and outgroup are used to	36
11305973023	phylogenetic bracketing	allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants	37
11305977683	genome	an organisms evolutionary history is documented in its	38
11305991395	gene duplication	increases the number of genes in the genome, providing more opportunities for evolutionary changes	39
11306000601	gene families	repeated gene duplications result in	40
11306037387	they last shared a common ancestor	In orthologous genes, nucleotide substitutions are proportional to the time since.....	41
11306045599	the genes became duplicated	in paralogous genes, nucleotide substitutions are proportional to the time since.....	42
11306050116	branches whose dates are known from the fossil record	molecular clocks are calibrated against	43
11306070611	differences in clock rate of genes	a function of the importance of the gene and how critical the specific animo acid is to protein function	44
11306099402	problem with the molecular clock	doesnt run as smoothly as expected if mutations were neutral, irregularities result from natural selection, estimates older than the fossil record are very uncertain	45
11306114781	Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia	5 kingdoms	46
11306136691	Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya	3 domains	47
11306141130	rRNA	the tree of life is based largely on	48
11306154984	HGT	explains disparities between gene trees and a key role in evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes	49