AP Psychology Unit 14 Flashcards

13662117347	social psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another Example: studying how peoples' behaviors change when they are in a room with their teachers rather than other students	0
13662117348	attribution theory	the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition Example: someone's car breaks down on the highway and they believe it is because of their ignorance about cars	1
13662123352	fundamental attribution error	the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition Example: when someone gets in a wreck, people tend to think it is because they are a bad driver	2
13662123353	attitude	feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events Example: when a student becomes snappy and upset because of something their friend did to them	3
13662128358	peripheral route persuasion	occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness Example: students being asked about two teachers, one more attractive than the other, and having to decide who is smarter: the more attractive one was decided as smarter	4
13662131036	central route persuasion	occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts Example: if the students asked to determine who was smarter of two teachers focused on what they said and how they explained things	5
13662135203	foot-in-the-door phenomenon	the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request Example: someone's sister asking them to watch her kids for an hour while she goes to the grocery store, and then asking the sister to watch the kids for a weekend while she goes to New York	6
13662135204	role	a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave Example: gender roles such as men taking out the trash and mowing the lawn and women bearing children and cooking and cleaning	7
13662140189	cognitive dissonance theory	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent Example: when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes	8
13662140190	norms	understood rules for accepted and expected behavior: norms prescribe "proper" behavior Example: a child is supposed to be quiet in class and raise their hands to ask or answer questions	9
13662140191	conformity	adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard Example: refer to the image	10
13662146748	normative social influence	influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval Example: being peer pressured into going sky diving to avid being called a scaredy cat	11
13662150193	informational social influence	influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality Example: when a person goes to a party with their friends and drinks even though they don't agree with it	12
13662155279	social facilitation	improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others Example: a person running a race faster than when they run alone in their neighborhood	13
13662159019	social loafing	the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable Example: refer to the image	14
13662161240	deindividuation	the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity Example: when a group of excited, rioting sports fan win a big game and do things they would never do alone such as graffiti	15
13662166178	group polarization	the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group Example: after a discussion about racism, someone in the group who was racist defends their attitude more then they would have beforehand	16
13662166179	groupthink	the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives Example: the Bays of Pigs invasion planned by the Eisenhower administration and carried out by the Kennedy administration	17
13662166180	culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next Example: the salsa dance in Mexico, huipil blouses and skirts in Mexico, and carnitas in Mexico represent this	18
13662171697	prejudice	an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members: prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action Example: racial, gender, religious, etc.	19
13662171698	stereotype	a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people Example: a woman is expected to know how to cook	20
13662174618	discrimination	unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members Example: refer to the image	21
13662174619	just-world phenomenon	the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get Example: refer to the image	22
13662177854	ingroup	"us"—people with whom we share a common identity Example: Cady, Regina, Karen, and Gretchen from Mean Girls	23
13662181699	outgroup	"them"- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup Example: Janis from Mean Girls	24
13662181700	ingroup bias	the tendency to favor our own group Example: refer to the image	25
13662186417	scapegoat therapy	the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame Example: my mom once misplaced her wedding ring in a toy bin, and she blamed me for losing the rings	26
13662186418	other-race effect	the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races Example: a white teacher who is better remembering white students faces rather than black students faces or mixing up the names of the black students	27
13662189528	aggression	any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally Example: a girl during a soccer game making jokes about the other team, kicking the ball at their face, and kicking their shins where the shinguards do not cover	28
13662194061	frustration-aggression principle	the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression Example: when a soccer play gets frustrated with the refs because they are making unfair calls for the other team and becomes angry and tackles a girl on the other team	29
13662194062	social script	a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations Example: a student goes by a handbook for how to act in class, including dress code, what do do in case of a fire, to be quiet while the teacher is talking, etc.	30
13662199020	mere exposure effect	the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them Example: when you first hear a song and hate it, then you listen to it so much that you like it	31
13662201713	passionate love	an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship Example: when two people in a relationship love spending time with one another and have had any fights and think the world of one another	32
13662201714	compassionate love	the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined Example: the love children have for their parents	33
13662205271	equity	a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it Example: refer to the image	34
13662205272	self-disclosure	the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others Example: someone talking about their deepest, darkest secrets to their friends	35
13662208303	altruism	unselfish regard for the welfare of others Example: Superman and other heroes	36
13662208304	bystander effect	the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present Example: refer to the image	37
13662212251	social exchange theory	the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs Example: refer to the image	38
13662231498	reciprocity norm	an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them Example: a person helping out a friend with their science homework who recently helped them with their math homework	39
13662235843	social-responsibility norm	an expectation that people will help those needing their help Example: refer to the image	40
13662235844	conflict	a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas Example: when a girl wants to have kids but her significant other doesn't want kids	41
13662238656	social trap	a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior Example: refer to the image	42
13662241739	mirror-image perceptions	mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive Example: refer to the image	43
13662244204	self-fulfilling prophecy	a belief that leads to its own fulfillment Example: the team believing that they will win, and then the team winning	44
13662248795	superordinate goals	shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation Example: people who all want to graduate even though they don't agree on everything working out who should be the commencement speaker	45
13662248796	GRIT	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions Example: not relative to the term	46