APES Unit 4 Flashcards

15972732336	ecosystem diversity	variety of ecosystems	0
15941185159	species diversity	variety of species in a given ecosystem	1
15941185160	genetic diversity	variety of genes with in a species	2
15941257361	species	A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.	3
15941446816	species richness	the number of different species in a community	4
15941449518	species evenness	relative abundance of each species	5
15941466021	phylogeny	branching pattern of evolutionary relations that indicate how closely related they are -morphology -behavior -genetics	6
15941470405	ecological succession	the predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time	7
15941470406	primary succession	succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists	8
15941484285	secondary succession	succession that starts with soil	9
15941505408	pioneer species	first species to populate an area during succession	10
15941507553	climax community	a stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes doesnt truly exist	11
15941512534	island biogeography	•dispersing species are more likely to find larger>smaller habitats •at any latitude, larger habitats support more species and larger populations •larger habitats contain a wider range of environ conditions and in therefore more niches and greater opportunity for speciation	12
15941556836	evolution	a change in the genetic composition of a population over time	13
15941560724	microevolution	evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.	14
15941563265	macroevolution	large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time give rise to new species	15
15941563266	genes	the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA	16
15941597859	phenotype	actual set of traits physically expressed	17
15941597860	genotype	complete set of genes in an individual	18
15941600430	mutation	a random error in gene replication that leads to a change	19
15941600431	recombination	the genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division produces novel traits	20
15941604900	artificial selection	human breeding of organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.	21
15941644053	natural selection	the environment determines which organisms (and therefore traits) survive	22
15941647488	fitness	ability to survive and reproduce	23
15941647489	adaptations	traits that improve fitness	24
15941668125	gene flow	process by which individuals move from one population to another and alter the genetic composition of both	25
15941668126	genetic drift	A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance	26
15941729233	bottleneck effect	a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size higher risk of extinction	27
15941821215	extinction	A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.	28
15941825900	founder effect	change in genetic composition due to a small number of colonizers moving	29
15941858265	geographic isolation	physical separation of a group from others of the same species	30
15941858266	allopatric isolation	The process of speciation that occurs in geographic isolation	31
15949933064	reproductive isolation	Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed	32
15949934822	sympatric speciation	the evolution of one species into two, without geographic isolation	33
15950260851	genetically modified organisms; gmo	scientists copy genes of desired traits and insert them to make ...	34
15950265308	range of tolerance	the limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate	35
15950272013	fundamental niche	The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce	36
15950272014	realized niche	the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives	37
15950274882	distribution	areas of the world in which a species lives	38
15950274883	niche generalists	a species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions	39
15950276645	niche specialists	a species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species more vulnerable to environmental change	40
15970542009	mass extinction	event in which many types of living things become extinct at the same time	41
15970542010	sixth mass extinction	current mass extinction caused primarily by habitat loss due to human actions	42
15970551808	Marine Mammal Protection Act	prohibits the killing of all marine mammals in the U.S. and prohibits the import or export of any marine mammal body parts.	43
15970551809	endangered species	A species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction	44
15970554995	threathened species	a species that is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future	45
15970554996	CITES	agreement to ban/limit trade in endangered species	46
15970564939	Convention on Biological Diversity	An international treaty to help protect biodiversity	47
15970564940	edge habitat	A habitat that occurs where two different communities come together, typically forming an abrupt transition	48
15970570761	biosphere reserves	protected areas consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissible human impact	49
15970570762	core zone	no human activity allowed best biodiversity	50
15970573651	buffer zone	area of a reserve that is minimally impacted by humans	51
15970573652	transition zone	area of reserve where human activity progresses like normal	52
15970577485	Paine's experiment	hypothesis: if the starfish is removed then the ecosystem will collapse independent: presence of starfish dependent: ecosystem diversity experimental: the tide pool without starfish control: the natural tide pool results: saw the ecosystem collapse and become a mussel monoculture	53
15995424225	78	__% of earth's atmosphere is nitrogen	54
15995431682	Trophosphere	layer of Earth's atmosphere closest to Earth's surface where weather takes place and where most pollution occurs	55
15995448166	stratosphere	2nd layer of atmosphere; extends from 10 to 30 miles up; location of ozone layer; absorbs 95% of Ultraviolet radiation; temperature increases with altitude increase.	56
15995458283	mesosphere	3rd + coldest layer of the atmosphere	57
15995464658	Thermosphere	The uppermost layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases	58
15995473102	Albedo	Ability of a surface to reflect light	59
15995478080	equator	region of the earth where the sun hits at the most direct angle	60
15995537538	rises	warm air ____	61
15995562149	sinks	cold air ____	62
15995572621	intertropical convergence zone; itcz	The latitude that receives the most intense sunlight, which causes the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells to converge	63
15995576578	hadley cells	a large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes, typically about 30° north or south.	64
15995589925	Coriolis effect	Causes moving air and water to turn left in the southern hemisphere and turn right in the northern hemisphere due to Earth's hemisphere.	65
15995660551	gyres	A large-scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere	66
15995666296	upwelling	the upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents	67
15995669684	downwelling	The movement of water from the surface to greater depths.	68
15995674933	thermohaline circulation	a worldwide current system in which warmer, fresher water moves along the surface; and colder, saltier water moves deep beneath the surface	69
15995693987	El Nino	an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water	70
15995707898	la nina	A climate event in the eastern Pacific Ocean in which surface waters are colder than normal.	71
15995711271	windward side	side of the mountain where rain and other weather are expected	72
15995714076	leeward side	side of mountain that gets very little precipitation and can be desert like	73
15995729112	rainshadow effect		74
15995736316	rain shadow	A dry area on the downwind side of a mountain.	75
15995739204	Permafrost	permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground	76