AP Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

14705384876	What are the four macromolecules?	carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids	0
14705396649	What are the four main atoms in organic molecules?	carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen	1
14705408395	What are four ways carbon skeletons can vary?	1. length of chain 2. branch or unbranched 3. positioning of double bonds 4. presence of ring structure	2
14705409379	hydrocarbons	Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen	3
14705421515	isomers	Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula	4
14705423279	what are the three types of isomers?	structural, cis-trans, enantiomers	5
14705424806	structural isomers	differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms	6
14705426622	cis-trans isomers	have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements	7
14705441482	trans isomer	the two x's are on opposite sides	8
14705446548	enantiomers	isomers that are mirror images of each other	9
14705458910	what are the seven chemical groups essential to life?	hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl	10
14705463168	hydroxyl group	A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.	11
14705464567	carbonyl group	a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom	12
14705465865	carboxyl group	A -COOH group, found in organic acids.	13
14705467645	amino group	a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms	14
14705469601	sulfhydryl group	A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.	15
14705471535	phosphate group	A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms	16
14705476074	methyl group	A chemical group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms.	17
14705479218	functional groups	the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions	18
14705483201	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)	one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy	19
14705487691	Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)	low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP	20
14705493822	polymers	large compound formed from combinations of many monomers	21
14705495469	monomers	building blocks of polymers	22
14705496774	enzymes	Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things	23
14705497725	dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water	24
14705500728	hydrolysis	Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water	25
14705510400	carbohydrates	sugars and polymers of sugars	26
14705512963	monosaccharides	simple sugars	27
14705514475	disaccharides	Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides	28
14705518908	glucose	the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.	29
14705527607	cellular respiration	Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen	30
14705532325	glycosidic linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	31
14705534665	sucrose	glucose + fructose; disaccharide	32
14705537424	polysaccharides	Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	33
14705539557	starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.	34
14705542256	amylose	simplest form of starch	35
14705544175	glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	36
14705547296	cellulose	A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms	37
14705552704	microfibrils	A threadlike component of the cell wall, composed of cellulose molecules	38
14705556621	chitin	A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.	39
14705575246	lipids	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	40
14705576807	true	true or false: lipids are generally hydrophobic	41
14705577717	fat	A large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol and three fatty acids; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy-storage molecules.	42
14705583296	glycerol	a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon	43
14705584562	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid	44
14705588152	ester linkage	The linkage formed between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acids in a fat is the ester linkage. This bond is formed through dehydration synthesis.	45
14705589555	triaclyglycerol	consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule	46
14705591064	saturated fat	fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms	47
14705592355	unsaturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.	48
14705596500	saturated fats are _______ at room temperature	solid	49
14705598064	unsaturated fats are ________ at room temperature	liquid	50
14705600854	trans fats	made when manufacturers add hydrogen to the fat molecules in vegetable oils	51
14705604121	phospholipid	a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes	52
14705609471	steroids	lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings	53
14705825683	cholesterol	A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.	54
14705829119	proteins	polypeptides that are twisted together and each polypeptide determines the shape of the polypeptide	55
14705830898	catalysts	Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction.	56
14705836116	how many amino acids are there?	20	57
14705836117	peptide bond	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	58
14705841298	what groups are involved in the making of an amino acid?	carboxyl, amino, R group, hydrogen atom	59
14705845712	polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	60
14705851182	carboxyl group makes the amino acid what?	negative and acidic	61
14705852614	amino group makes the amino acid what?	positive and basic	62
14705858743	polypeptide backbone	The chain of atoms containing repeating peptide bonds that runs through a protein molecule and to which the amino acid side chains are attached.	63
14705871694	true	true or false a protein's structure determines its function	64
14705876323	true	true or false there are four levels of protein structure known as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary	65
14705883403	primary structure	The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.	66
14705884762	secondary structure	Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.	67
14705886691	tertiary structure	The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.	68
14705887908	quaternary structure	The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.	69
14705891582	sickle-cell disease	Genetic disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape.	70
14705898020	what does protein structure depend on?	pH, salt concentration, temperature, bonds, and environment	71
14705903357	denaturization	destruction of the normal shape of the protein, no longer matches shape of the substrate; caused by changes in pH and high temperature	72
14705911433	x-ray crystallography	A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.	73
14705916348	gene	A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait	74
14705917600	nucleic acids	nucleotides	75
14705919459	what are the two types of nucleic acids?	deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)	76
14705925265	what is the flow of genetic information?	DNA -> RNA -> Protein	77
14705926381	ribosomes	site of protein synthesis	78
14705928136	polynucleotides	A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain; nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.	79
14705931410	what are the components of a nucleotide?	sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base	80
14705933741	nucleoside	base + sugar	81
14705938431	what are the two types of nitrogenous bases?	purines and pyrimidines	82
14705938432	purines	double ring structure; Adenine and Guanine	83
14705939982	pyrimidines	cytosine, thymine, uracil	84
14705945235	What sugar is found in DNA?	deoxyribose	85
14705946108	what sugar is found in RNA?	ribose	86
14705948985	phosphodiester linkage	The connection in a nucleic acid strand, formed by linking two nucleotides.	87
14705955027	double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.	88
14705956948	antiparallel	The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.	89