AP Biology Chemistry of Life Flashcards

14537643609	acid	molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution	0
14537643610	adhesion	attraction between water molecules and other molecules	1
14537643659	anion	negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons	2
14537643660	atom	the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element	3
14537643611	atomic mass	calculated mean of the mass number for an element's isotopes	4
14537643612	atomic number	total number of protons in an atom	5
14537643613	base	molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution	6
14537643614	buffer	substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions	7
14537643615	calorie	amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius	8
14537643616	capillary action	occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the sides of the tubes	9
14537643617	cation	positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons	10
14537643618	chemical bond	interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in the formation of molecules	11
14537643619	chemical reaction	process leading to the rearrangement of atoms in molecules	12
14537643620	cohesion	intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension	13
14537643621	compound	substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements	14
14537643661	covalent bond	type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms	15
14537643622	dissociation	release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+ and OH-	16
14537643623	electron	negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of -1 unit	17
14537643624	electron orbital	how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where an electron is most likely to be found	18
14537643625	electron transfer	movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creation of ionic bonds	19
14537643626	electronegativity	ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms	20
14537643627	element	one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons	21
14537643628	equilibrium	steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system	22
14537643629	functional group	group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton	23
14537643630	hydrogen bond	weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules	24
14537643631	hydrophilic	describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water	25
14537643632	hydrophobic	describes uncharged non-polar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water	26
14537643633	ion	atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons	27
14537643634	ionic bond	chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)	28
14537643635	isotope	one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons	29
14537643636	mass number	total number of protons and neutrons in an atom	30
14537643637	matter	anything that has mass and occupies space	31
14537643638	molecule	two or more atoms chemically bonded together	32
14537643639	neutron	uncharged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one amu	33
14537643640	nonpolar covalent bond	type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them	34
14537643641	nucleus	core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons	35
14537643642	octet rule	rule that atoms are most stable when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells	36
14537643643	orbital	region surrounding the nucleus; contains electrons	37
14537643644	organic molecule	any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)	38
14537643645	pH scale	scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution	39
14537643646	polar covalent bond	type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in the creation of slightly positive and slightly negative charged regions of the molecule	40
14537643647	product	molecule found on the right side of a chemical equation	41
14537643648	proton	positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one amu and a charge of +1	42
14537643649	radioisotope	isotope that emits radiation composed of subatomic particles to form more stable elements	43
14537643650	reactant	molecule found on the left side of a chemical equation	44
14537643651	solvent	substance capable of dissolving another substance	45
14537643652	specific heat capacity	the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius	46
14537643653	sphere of hydration	when polar water molecules surround charged or polar molecules thus keeping them dissolved and in solution	47
14537643654	surface tension	tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the molecules of the liquid	48
14537643655	valence shell	outermost shell of an atom	49
14537643656	van der Waals interaction	very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are very close together	50