AP US History Chapter 28 :) Flashcards

12969469435	Statistics of Americans	- 1/7 foreign-born in 1900 - 1900-1914 - 13 million immigrants	0
12969469436	Progressives	crusaders who waged war on monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social justice	1
12969469437	Cause/origin of new reformist wave	Greenback Labor party and the Populists because industrialists made fewer and fewer have power	2
12969469438	Progressive theorists believed	Society could no longer afford the luxury of laissez-faire policy. The people, through government, must substitute mastery for drift	3
12969469439	Henry Demarest Lloyd	(1894) "Wealth Against Commonwealth: - wrote against Standard Oil Company	4
12969469440	Thorstein Vablen	- (1899) "The Theory of the Leisure Class" - attack on the new rich. Viewed the leisure class engaged in making money for money's sake instead of making goods to satisfy real needs - Argued that the social leadership should go from the useless rich to those who are useful	5
12969469441	Jacob A. Riis	- (1890) "How the Other Half Lives" - spoke about the horrors of the NY slums - Influenced future NYC police commissioner, TR	6
12969469442	Theodore Dreiser	Pounded promoters and profiteers in "The Financier" (1912) and "The Titan" (1914)	7
12969469443	Socialism in America	Many advocates for this were European immigrants inspired by the strong movement for socialism in Europe -> began to get more strength at the ballot box	8
12969469444	Types of reformers	Social gospel, university-based economists, feminists, muckrakers, temperance, labor rights, and many more	9
12969469445	Social gospel	Used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor	10
12969469446	University-based economists	Advocated for new reforms modeled on European examples	11
12969469447	Feminists (suffrage)	Jane Addams in Chicago and Lillian Wald in NY - made women enter the fight to improve the lot of families living and working in the festering cities	12
12969469448	10¢ and 15¢ magazines	McClure's Cosmopolitan, Collier's, and Everybody's. Extensive research for finding things bad about business that the public loved	13
12969469449	Muckrakers	Bright young reporters at the turn of the 20th century, term coined by TR, but boosted circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society (business manipulation of government, white slaves, child labor, and illegal deeds of trusts). Also helped spur passage of reform legislation	14
12969469450	Popular Muckrakers	- Lincoln Steffens: The Shame of the Cities - Ida M. Tarbell: exposé of the Standard Oil Company - Upton Sinclair: The Jungle - David G. Phillips: The Treason of the Senate	15
12969469451	Social evils in the Progressive Era and books about them	- "White slave" traffic for women, slums, and industrial accidents - Stannard Baker's "Following the Color Line" (1908) - 9 million blacks, 90% of the South, and 1/3 illiterate - John Spargo's "The Bitter Cry of the Children" (1906) - abuses of child labor	16
12969469452	Habit-forming drugs	Often sold for money, induced with alcohol. In Collier's, they exposed the medicine and were reinforced by Dr. Harvey W. Wiley	17
12969469453	Significance of the muckrakers	- Symbolized much of the nature of the progressive reform movements - Long on lamentation but stopped short of revolutionary methods - Counted on publicity and aroused public conscience (not drastic political change) to right social wrongs - Sought to not overthrow capitalism but to cleanse it (Puritans vs Pilgrims anyone??) - Believed more democracy was the answer to solve issues	18
12969469454	Most progressive reformers were	middle-class men and women	19
12969469455	How progressives sought to modernize American institutions	- Use the state to curb monopoly power - Limit socialist threat by improving the common person's conditions of life and labor	20
12969469456	Progressivism can be best described as	a broadly dispersed majority mood, not a movement	21
12969469457	Objectives of Progressives	- Regain the power that had slipped from the hands of the people into those of the "interests" - Getting rid of graft (bribery, corrupt practices, etc.) - Direction election of US Senators - often heeded to the voice of business instead of the people (even referred to as the "Millionaires' Club)	22
12969469458	How Progressives attempted to get power into the hands of the people	Direct election of US senators, initiative, referendum, and recall	23
12969469459	Initiative	A Progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot	24
12969469460	Referendum	Progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval even after being passed by the legislature	25
12969469461	Recall	Enabled the voters to remove corrupted elected officials	26
12969469462	Significance of initiative, referendum, and recall	Brought democracy to the people and helped foster a shift towards interest-group politics and away from old political machines	27
12969469463	How Progressives aimed to get rid of graft	- Limited the amount of money a candidate could spend on their election campaign - Australian ballot	28
12969469464	Australian ballot	A system developed in Australia in 1850 that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices. Counteracted boss rule (can't bribe if they don't know who they're voting for)	29
12969469465	17th Amendment	Direct election of senators. Many Senators liked existing methods, and local legislatures found it wise to give the vote to the people	30
12969469466	Women suffrage support	- Political reformers believed the women's vote would elevate the political tone - Anti-Saloons felt they could rely on support of enfranchised females	31
12969469467	Women's suffrage gradually began especially in:	Western states	32
12969469468	Urban Progressive reforms	- Frustrated by inefficiency and corruption of city government — looked to Galveston, TX as an example (expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs) - Often favored efficiency over democracy - City-manager systems	33
12969469469	City-manager systems	take politics out of municipal administration	34
12969469470	Urban reformers	- Attacked slumlords, juvenile delinquency, and wide-open prostitution in red-light districts - Looked to English and German cities	35
12969469471	Robert M. La Follette	Most militant of progressive Republican leaders. Became the governor of WI in 1901. - Tackled RR and lumber "interests" - Regulated public utilities and inspired other states to follow - Gave the power from the business -> people	36
12969469472	Hiram W. Johnson	Republican governor in 1910, broke the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics and set up a political machine of his own	37
12969469473	Charles Evans Hughes	Republican governor of NY; investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and the coal trust	38
12969469474	Settlement houses — significance	Offered door to public life - showed issues of America's cities and gave women skills/confidence to attack them	39
12969469475	Literary clubs	Educated women met to improve literary knowledge -> went to social issues instead of literature	40
12969469476	"Separate spheres"	- Women's place was in the home, Republican Motherhood - Women viewed being involved in issues was an extension of their motherly role (protecting children from labor issues, health problems, etc.)	41
12969469477	The most successful reform of the Progressive Era was	child labor reform	42
12969469478	Florence Kelley	Illinois' first chief factory inspector, one of the nation's leading advocates for improved factory conditions. Also took control of the National Consumers League	43
12969469479	National Consumers League	Mobilized female consumers to pressure for laws safeguarding women and children in the workplace	44
12969469480	Muller v. Oregon	(1908) Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the SC to accept the constitutionality of the laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies; restricted women to 10-hour work day	45
12969469481	At the time, protecting ___________ rather than __________ was more common and similar to __________	women and children —— granting benefits to everyone —— Western Europe	46
12969469482	Lochner v. New York	(1905) Semi-setback for reformers, the SC invalidated a NY law establishing a 10-hour work day for bakers	47
12969469483	Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)	Locked doors and fire code violations made the factory a death trap. 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women, incinerated or leapt to their death from 8 or 9 stories	48
12969469484	Results of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire	- NY had much stronger laws regulating hours and conditions - 30 other states by 1917 put workers' compensation in the books (insurance) - Progressively changed from dog-eat-dog world to employer's responsibility	49
12969469485	Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)	Founded by Frances E. Willard, largest organization of women in the world	50
12969469486	"Dry" laws	Controlled, restricted, or abolished alcohol	51
12969469487	Major centers for alcohol products and why	Big cities. Large immigrant vote; Old World had free-flowing alcohol	52
12969469488	The temperance movements resulted in tensions between:	Nativists and immigrants	53
12969469489	"Square Deal" and TR's three C's	- Control of corporations - Consumer protection - Conservation of natural resources	54
12969469490	Anthracite Coal Mines in PA	- 140k workers demanded 20% increase in pay and 9-hour workday - Unsympathetic mine owners, George F. Baer also unsympathetic - Coal supplies dwindled -> factories, schools, and hospitals had to shut down because of the lack of heat -- - TR brandished the Big Stick -> threatened to seize the mines and use federal troops - Owners arbitrated -> 10% pay boost and working day of 9 hours	55
12969469491	Department of Commerce and Labor	Settle disputes between owners and workers	56
12969469492	Bureau of Corporations	Probe business engaged in interstate commerce; useful in breaking stranglehold of monopoly and allowing "trust-busting"	57
12969469493	Elkins Act	(1903) Law passed by Congress to impose penalties on RRs that offered rebates and customers who accepted them. Strengthened the ICA of 1887	58
12969469494	Hepburn Act	(1906) Restricted free passes and also strengthened the ICC (now included express, sleeping-car, and pipeline companies)	59
12969469495	TR's actions against trusts	- Believed there were good and bad trusts - Didn't want to completely destroy all big business	60
12969469496	Northern Securities Company	- Railroad holding by JP Morgan and James Hill, wanted a monopoly of NW RRs - 1904 - Company appealed to SC, ordered it to be dissolved -> Upset Wall street and big business but gave TR reputation as a trust-smasher	61
12969469497	Beef Trust Cases	SC declared beef trust illegal, monopolists controlling sugar, fertilizer, harvesters, and other key products suffered	62
12969469498	Roosevelt's real purpose of in getting rid of big business	To prove conclusively that the government, not private business, ruled the country. Believed in regulating, not fragmenting, the big business	63
12969469499	Big business at the end of TR's reign	"healthier" but more "tame" — even gave JP Morgan blessing with US Steel to absorb TN Coal and Iron Company	64
12969469500	Meat companies in Europe	shut out because of unsanitary meat sold	65
12969469501	Upton Sinclair and The Jungle (1906)	Described the grotesqueness of Chicago's slaughterhouses. Moved readers and even TR to appoint an investigating commission	66
12969469502	Meat Inspection Act	(1906) The preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection, regardless of packaging. Larger companies saw it as a way to put smaller competitors out of business	67
12969469503	Pure Food and Drug Act	(1906) Designed to prevent the mislabeling of food and pharmaceuticals	68
12969469504	Desert Land Act	(1877) Fed govt sold arid land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser irrigate the thirsty soil within three years	69
12969469505	Forest Reserve Act	(1891) Authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves	70
12969469506	Carey Act	(1894) Distributed federal land to the states on the condition that it be irrigated and settled	71
12969469507	Newlands Act	(1902) Fed govt was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the western states and then use the funds for the development of irrigation projects	72
12969469508	Roosevelt Dam	Arizona Salt River, dedicated to TR in 1911. Resulted in more dams in all major western rivers in upcoming decades	73
12969469509	TR's nature conservation	Set aside 125 million acres for federal reserves. Designated millions of acres of coal deposits and water resources for irrigation and power	74
12969469510	Cause of TR's conservation	- His outdoorsman persona - Upwelling national mood of concern about the disappearance of the frontier - Jack London's Call of the Wild (1903) and other books of nature made the Boy Scouts of America the country's largest youth organization	75
12969469511	Roosevelt's most enduring achievement was:	preserving or conserving land (IMPORTANT!!)	76
12969469512	Ways people conserved nature	- Middle-class club-women raised money for nature preserves and organized the Massachusetts Audubon Society (save birds by banning the use of plumes to hats) - Sierra Club - preserve wilderness of western landscape	77
12969469513	Hetch Hetchy Valley	Government allowed San Fran to build a dam here in 1913. Blow to the preservationists, who wished to project the Yosemite National Park, location of the dam	78
12969469514	Opponents and proponents of the Hetch Hetchy Valley Dam	Opponents: "temple" of nature that should be preserved. Proponents: Should use nature's resources wisely (TR and Gifford Pinchot)	79
12969469515	"Multiple-use resource management"	Combined recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing on the same expanse of federal land	80
12969469516	Business influence/characteristics in the West	- Large companies found ways to work with the federal conservation programs - Individuals and single-person enterprises had minimal influence and were set aside in favor of efficiency	81
12969469517	Roosevelt in the 1904 election	- Easily elected president in 1904, yet Republican bosses found him unpredictable - Blunder: announced he would never run a third term - Platform was stronger regulation of corporations, taxing incomes, and protecting workers	82
12969469518	"Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 / Panic of 1907	- Financial world blamed TR for causing it, TR lashed back - Paved way for fiscal reforms - Aldrich-Vreeland Act	83
12969469519	Fiscal reforms in the panic of 1907	- Banks unable to increase volume of money in circulation - Those with ample reserves reluctant to lend to their competitors	84
12969469520	Aldrich-Vreeland Act	Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral. Paved way for the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. In theory, more people could have $, spend it, and help out the economy	85
12969469521	Election of 1908	- Boring. - Roosevelt hand-picks for Taft - 421k votes for Eugene V. Debs (Socialism)	86
12969469522	TR's presidency charas	- Political lightning rod to protect capitalists against popular resentment and socialism - Middle road between unbridled individualism and paternalistic collectivism	87
12969469523	Lasting achievements of TR's presidency	- Most lasting achievement: Conservation crusade (conservationists of wilderness and resource predators) - Enlarged power and prestige of presidential office - Helped shape the progressive movement and reform campaigns later in the century - Square Deal - grandfather of the New Deal - Opened the eyes of Americans to the fact that they shared the world with other nations	88
12969469524	T/F: Roosevelt busted more trusts than Taft	False, Taft busted almost two times as many trusts	89
12969469525	William Howard Taft, the other bull-necked president	- Reputation as lawyer and judge, regarded as hostile to labor unions, trusted administrator under TR - Suffered from political handicaps: didn't have the charisma of TR, passive towards Congress, and poor judge of public opinion - Cabinet didn't contain any of the insurgent wing on fire for current issues (tariff)	90
12969469526	Dollar diplomacy	Name applied by Taft's critics to the policy of supporting US investments and political interests abroad. First applied to the financing of the railways in China after 1909, the policy then spread to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua -- In other words: Wall Street bankers encouraged to invest in areas of strategic concern to the US. Helped other countries while made $$ for the US	91
12969469527	The government often encouraged bankers to:	invest their money in foreign places -> strengthened American defenses and foreign policies	92
12969469528	Manchuria	- Object of Taft's effort to inject the dollar into the Far East - Japan and Russia controlled the RRs here - Saw Chinese economic interests and a slamming of the Open Door in the faces of US merchants	93
12969469529	Philander C. Knox	- Proposed that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the Manchurian RRs and turn them over to China under a self-liquidating arrangement - Japan and Russia rejected -> Taft ridiculed	94
12969469530	Caribbean involvement	Washington encouraged Wall Street bankers to pump money into Honduras and Haiti to keep out foreign funds. Couldn't allow other countries to invade under the Monroe Doctrine	95
12969469531	American forces in the Caribbean	Disorders in Cuba, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic made marines be deployed there	96
12969469532	Taft the Trustbuster	- Brought more suits against trusts than TR did - 1911 - SC demanded the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company (violated Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890) -> rule of reason - Taft decided to press an antitrust suit against US Steel Corporation -> upset Roosevelt	97
12969469533	"Rule of reason"	Only those combinations that "unreasonably" restrained trade were illegal	98
12969469534	Bureau of Mines	Controlled the mineral resources, attempt at conservation by Taft	99
12969469535	Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger	- Opened public lands in WY, MT, and AK to corporate development - Criticized by Gifford Pinchot	100
12969469536	New Nationalism	Speech by Roosevelt in NY, urged the national government to increase its power to remedy economic and social abuses	101
12969469537	Election of 1912	Republicans lost the election because of internal divisions, and Victor L. Berger elected (socialist)	102
12969469538	National Progressive Republican League	Senator La Follette as the candidate — separate branch of the Republican party	103
12969469539	Taft's actions that upset Roosevelt	- Taft went after "good trusts" and fired Pinchot (TR's Chief of Agriculture Department)	104
12969469540	Taft-Roosevelt explosion	Roosevelt said he'd run now and is willing to accept Republican nomination -- - Republican convention — Rooseveltites about 100 short of winning the nomination, most contests settled in favor of Taft - Roosevelt adherents refused to vote, Taft triumphed	105
12969469541	Result of the 1912 election for Roosevelt	Roosevelt refused to quit. Now on fire to lead a third party...	106
12969469542	Taft's dollar diplomacy ultimately failed to change American foreign policy because	disorder and revolt led to US military intervention in Latin America despite massive financial aid	107