AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

13763321420	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13763321421	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13763321422	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13763321423	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13763321424	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13763321425	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13763321426	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13763321427	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13763321428	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13763321429	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13763321430	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13763321431	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13763321432	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13763321433	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13763321434	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13763321435	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13763321436	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13763321437	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13763321438	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13763321439	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13763321440	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13763321441	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13763321442	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13763321443	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13763321444	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13763321445	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13763321446	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13763321447	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13763321448	theory	general idea being tested	28
13763321449	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13763321450	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13763321451	mode	appears the most	31
13763321452	mean	average	32
13763321453	median	middle	33
13763321454	range	highest - lowest	34
13763321455	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13763321456	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13763321457	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13763321458	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13763321459	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13763321460	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13763321461	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13763321462	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13763321654	neuron		43
13763321463	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13763321464	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13763321465	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13763321466	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13763321467	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13763321468	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13763321469	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13763321470	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13763321471	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13763321472	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13763321473	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13763321474	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13763321475	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13763321476	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13763321477	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13763321478	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13763321479	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13763321480	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13763321481	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13763321482	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13763321483	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13763321484	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13763321485	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13763321486	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13763321487	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13763321488	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13763321489	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13763321490	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13763321491	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13763321492	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13763321493	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13763321494	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13763321495	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13763321496	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13763321497	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13763321498	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13763321499	occipital lobe	vision	80
13763321500	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13763321501	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13763321502	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13763321503	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13763321504	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13763321505	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13763321506	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13763321507	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13763321508	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13763321509	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13763321510	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13763321511	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13763321512	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13763321513	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13763321514	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13763321515	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13763321516	rods	night time	97
13763321517	cones	color	98
13763321518	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13763321519	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13763321520	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13763321521	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13763321522	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13763321523	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13763321524	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13763321525	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13763321526	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13763321527	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13763321528	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13763321529	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13763321530	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13763321531	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13763321532	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13763321533	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13763321534	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13763321535	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13763321536	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13763321537	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13763321538	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13763321539	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13763321540	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13763321541	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13763321542	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13763321543	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13763321544	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13763321545	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13763321546	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13763321547	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13763321548	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13763321549	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13763321550	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13763321551	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13763321552	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13763321553	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13763321554	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13763321555	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13763321556	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13763321557	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13763321558	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13763321559	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13763321560	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13763321561	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13763321562	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13763321563	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13763321564	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13763321565	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13763321566	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13763321567	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13763321568	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13763321569	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13763321570	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13763321571	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13763321572	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13763321573	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13763321574	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13763321575	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13763321576	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13763321577	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13763321578	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13763321579	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13763321580	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13763321581	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13763321582	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13763321583	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13763321584	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13763321585	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13763321586	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13763321587	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13763321588	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13763321589	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13763321590	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13763321591	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13763321592	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13763321593	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13763321594	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13763321595	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13763321596	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13763321597	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13763321598	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13763321599	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13763321600	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13763321601	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13763321602	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13763321603	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13763321604	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13763321605	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13763321606	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13763321607	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13763321608	encoding	information going in	189
13763321609	storage	keeping information in	190
13763321610	retrieval	taking information out	191
13763321611	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13763321612	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13763321613	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13763321614	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13763321615	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13763321616	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13763321617	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13763321618	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13763321619	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13763321620	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13763321621	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13763321622	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13763321623	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13763321624	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13763321625	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13763321626	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13763321627	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13763321628	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13763321629	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13763321630	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13763321631	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13763321632	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13763321633	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13763321634	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13763321635	context	environment helps with memory	216
13763321636	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13763321637	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13763321638	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13763321639	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13763321640	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13763321641	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13763321642	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13763321643	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13763321644	prototypes	generalize	225
13763321645	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13763321646	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13763321647	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13763321648	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13763321649	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13763321650	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13763321651	grammar is _________	universal	232
13763321652	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13763321653	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234