AP Bio Unit 4 Flashcards

15831774282	Types of cell communication	Autocrine, Juxtacrine, Paracrine, Endocrine	0
15831787876	Autocrine	within the same cell	1
15831793171	Juxtocrine	between touching cells	2
15831798699	Paracrine	between nearby cells	3
15831810553	Endocrine	between distant cells through the bloodstream	4
15831853921	3 parts of signal transduction pathway	reception, transduction, response	5
15831949375	Reception (signal transduction pathway)	Ligand binds to receptor protein	6
15831958162	Transduction (signal transduction pathway)	the signal travels through the cell to the response site. Amplification and phosphorylation happen here	7
15832016946	response (signal transduction pathway)	the cell carries out the action sent by the ligands	8
15832051216	Signal amplification	turns one signal molecule into multiple second messenger molecules	9
15832072735	Ligand	molecule that binds to a specific receptor	10
15832084855	protein kinase	enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein	11
15832203597	Hox genes	genes that control where body parts should go	12
15832253343	Cell division is controlled by...	checkpoints at G1, G2, and M	13
15832261656	Phases of the cell cycle	G1, S, G2, M	14
15832264138	G1	The cell increases in size and duplicates organelles	15
15832273132	G2	DNA replication is checked for errors and corrected	16
15832278444	S- phase	cell duplicates DNA	17
15832281663	G0	cell is no longer dividing	18
15832295497	what phase is the picture in	prophase	19
15832306051	what phase is the picture in	metaphase	20
15832312504	what phase is the picture in	Anaphase	21
15832319229	what phase is the picture in	telophase	22
15832326792	cytokinesis in plants	rebuild the cell wall (partially finished wall is called the cell plate)	23
15832338501	cytokinesis in animals	pinch in the cell membrane creating a cleavage furrow until the membrane meets and separates the cell	24
15832345836	cytokinesis	cytoplasm dividing	25
15832355519	Stages of mitosis	prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT)	26
15832358461	Prophase definition	nucleus vanishes, chromosomes form, spindle sets up	27
15832366123	Metaphase definition	chromsomes move to the middle of the cell	28
15832370111	Anaphase definition	chromosomes split into 2 separate chromosomes and move to opposite sides of the cell	29
15832382399	Telophase definition	nucleus reappears, spindle fibers disassemble, chromosomes unwind	30
15832404811	Chromatin	the form of DNA when it is not dividing	31
15832406753	Chromosome	the form of DNA when it is dividing	32
15832410087	Histone	protein that DNA wraps around	33
15832416925	Sister chromatid	copies of chromosomes	34
15832424180	centromere	Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach	35
15832427108	Centrioles	"tow truck" that uses spindles to pull chromatids apart to opposite poles	36
15832441223	Sex chromosomes	chromosomes that determind the sex of an organelle	37
15832448315	Autosomes	non-sex chromosomes	38
15832450996	Diploid	cells with 2 sets of chromosomes	39
15832454868	Haploid	cell with only 1 set of chromosomes	40
15832463118	p53	tumor suppressor gene	41
15832466109	why is the p53 gene important?	it blocks the cell cycle if DNA is damaged	42
15832480714	Apoptosis	cell death	43
15832487249	A p53 mutation..	can cause cancer because replicated DNA is damaged	44
15832505360	Ploidy	how many sets of chromosomes you have	45
15832512953	What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?	prophase	46
15832522108	How many total chromosomes do humans have?	46	47
15833972023	positive feedback loop	moves the system away from homeostasis	48
15833977907	negative feedback loop	counteracts changes of various properties to keep the system at homeostasis	49