chapter 17-apes Flashcards
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| 12178250052 | risk | probability of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or damage risk assessment ----> risk acceptance ---> risk management | 0 | |
| 12178250053 | risk assessment | process of using statistical methods to estimate how much harm a particular hazard can cause to human health or to the environment | 1 | |
| 12178250054 | risk management | deciding whether and how to reduce a particular risk to a certain level and at what cost | 2 | |
| 12178250055 | pathogen | organisms that can cause disease in another organism | 3 | |
| 12178250056 | infectious disease | disease caused by a pathogen such as bacterium, virus, or parasite invading the body and multiplying in its cells and tissues | 4 | |
| 12178250057 | transmissible disease (aka contagious or communicable disease) | infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another | 5 | |
| 12178250058 | non transmissible disease | caused by something other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another | 6 | |
| 12178250059 | carcinogens | chemicals, some types of radiation and certain viruses that can cause or promote cancer ex) arsenic from mining and groundwater / asbestos from building materials / PcBs from industry | 7 | |
| 12178250060 | mutagens | chemicals or forms of radiation that cause or increase the frequency of mutations, or changes, in the DNA molecules found in cells | 8 | |
| 12178491953 | neurotoxins | disrupt nervous system ex) lead from paint / gasoline or mercury from coal burning / fish consumption | 9 | |
| 12178250061 | teratogens | chemicals that harm or cause birth defects in a fetus or embryo ex) thalidomide prescribed to pregnant women late 1950s to deal w morning sickness / alcohol | 10 | |
| 12178541730 | endocrine disruptors | interfere with normal functioning of hormones *source: wastewater contains hormones from birth control, pills, hormones. ex) atrazine in herbicides / DDT in insecticides / phthalates from plastics and cosmetics | 11 | |
| 12178250062 | toxicology | study of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and other organisms | 12 | |
| 12178250063 | toxicity | measure of the harmfulness of a substance -- its ability to cause injury, illness, or death to a living organism | 13 | |
| 12178250064 | dose | amount of a harmful chemical that a person has ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin at any one time | 14 | |
| 12178250065 | response | health damage resulting from exposure to a chemical | 15 | |
| 12178250066 | acute effect | immediate or rapid harmful reaction ranging from dizziness to death | 16 | |
| 12178250067 | chronic effect | permanent or long lasting consequence of exposure to a single dose or to repeated lower doses of a harmful substance. | 17 | |
| 12178250068 | dose-response curve | plot of data showing the effects of various doses of a toxic agent on a group of test organisms |  | 18 |
| 12178250069 | biological hazards | organisms that can cause disease in another organism -including bacteria, viruses, parasites, protozoa, and fungi | 19 | |
| 12178250070 | chemical hazards | hazards from harmful chemicals in our air, water, soil, food, and human made products | 20 | |
| 12178250071 | natural hazards | hazards such as fires, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and storms | 21 | |
| 12178250072 | lifestyle choices | hazards such as smoking, making poor food choices, drinking too much alcohol, and having unsafe sex | 22 | |
| 12178250073 | epidemic | large scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area or a country | 23 | |
| 12178250074 | pandemic | global epidemic -such as tuberculosis or AIDS | 24 | |
| 12178250075 | antibiotics | chemicals that can kill bacteria | 25 | |
| 12178350193 | plague | -caused by bacteria in fleas carried by mice/rats. -killed 1/4 if euro pop in 1300s. | 26 | |
| 12178357874 | malaria | -caused by protists that are in mosquitoes, them mosquito bites human. -1 million ppl die per year. -DDT used to kill mosquitoes. | 27 | |
| 12178372840 | tuberculosis | -caused by bacteria. -infects lungs and there are 2 million deaths per year. -treated with antibiotic, but has strains that developed resistance to antibiotics. | 28 | |
| 12178381165 | HIV/AIDS | -caused by virus transmitted thru sexual contact or sharing needles and destroys immune system. -kille more than 25 million ppl. -antiviral drugs available. | 29 | |
| 12178414636 | ebola | -caused by virus and is extremely contagious. -spread by direct physical contact with body fluids. -death occurs within 2 weeks. -fever, vomiting, internal/external bleeding. | 30 | |
| 12178430500 | west nile virus | -caused by virus that lives in birds and is transmitted to mosquotes them the humans. -can recover. | 31 | |
| 12178446492 | SARS | -caused by viral respiratory infection. -spread by close contact. -no treatment. | 32 | |
| 12178464852 | mad cow disease | -caused by protein in cow's brain (BSE-prions) nad is found to be transmitted to humans who ate meat from infected cattle. -can be fatal. | 33 | |
| 12178477713 | bird flu | -caused by H1N1 virus. -mainly affects bird but jumped to humans. -antiviral treatment. | 34 | |
| 12178563453 | TSCA | toxic substances control act -gives EPA authority to regulate many chemicals, excluding food, cosmetics and pesticides. | 35 | |
| 12178572407 | FIFRA | federal insecticide, fungicide and rodenticide act -manufacturers must demonstrate that a pesticide will not harm environment. | 36 | |
| 12178601155 | reasons why young kids are more susceptible to toxins | -breath, drik, nad eat more per unit of body weight than adults. -exposed to toxins in dust and soil when they put fingers/toys in mouth -have less well-developed immune system | 37 | |
| 12178648086 | highest probability of death in US | motor vehicle accident | 38 | |
| 12178656352 | precautionary principle | when a threat is of serious environmental damage, we should not wait for scientific proof before taking action. decreases financial incentives for chemical development | 39 | |
| 12178668885 | stockholm convention | was an international agreement to ban a number of endocrine disruptors | 40 | |
| 12178707327 | bioaccumulation | pollutants remain in body of animal | 41 | |
| 12178717113 | biomagnification | pollutant moves up food chain; concentration increase *top trophic level gets pollution from all lower trophic levels. | 42 | |
| 12178725343 | persistence | resistance to breakdown -DDT and PCBs have been used widely because they're not easily broken down in environment. | 43 | |
| 12178742452 | solubility | water-soluble: toxins can move throughout environment and get in water supply + solutions that surround cells in our bodies oil-fat soluble: toxins penetrate membrane + can accumulate in body tissues and cells. | 44 |