AP US History Period 1 (1491-1607) Flashcards

13567182407	Columbian Exchange	"Triangle Trade: Widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in 15th-16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage.	0
13567182408	fur trade and converts to Catholicism--the French viewed them as potential economic and military allies	What were the French wanting from the American Indians?	1
13567182409	Joint-Stock Companies	A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by his or her shares (certificates of ownership).[1]This allows for the unequal ownership of a business with some shareholders owning a bigger proportion of a company than others do.	2
13567182410	Encomienda System	A system in which the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives of a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development and maintenance of infrastructure.	3
13567182411	subjugate	to bring under complete control or subjection; conquer; master, enslave.	4
13567182412	Northwest Passage	The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago	5
13567182413	Prince Henry the Navigator	Regarded as the main initiator of what would be known as the Age of Discoveries, responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes.	6
13567182414	Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain	Christopher Columbus' patrons; launched the Spanish Empire after hearing of his discoveries of a supposed water route to Asia. Established management precedents that cpaitalized on treasures discovered in the New World, served as a model for other European nations attempting similar exploits.	7
13567182415	Pope's Rebellion	An uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. Killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province	8
13567182416	Bartolome de las Casas	Dominican friar, priest and scholar that worked tirelessly throughout the sixteenth century, decrying the plight of the American Indians. He criticized Spain's brutal encomienda system and reported on the atrocities against native peoples.	9
13567182417	Protestant Reformation	Early 16th century writings by the priest and scholar Martin Luther, focusing primarily on biblical doctrines of grace, inspired this movement. Its key doctrine: each person having an individual calling and a Christian duty to work diligently at that calling for the Glory of God. This idea became a seminal attribute of American society through the influence of Dutch, English, Swedish, Germany and French Huguenot colonists.	10
13567182418	nation-state	The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity.	11
13567182419	middlemen	In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers.	12
13567182420	caravel	A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails.	13
13567182421	conquistador	A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas.	14
13567182422	mestizo	A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.	15
13567182423	nationalism	Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state, leading to a belief in the superiority of one's culture over another.	16
13567182424	charter	A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations.	17
13567182425	indentured servant	A poor person obligated to a fixed term of labor.	18
13567182426	commonwealth	An organized civil government or social order.	19
13567182427	American Indians felt they owned the use of the land but not the land itself. They were caretakers for future generations.	How did American Indian culture view land ownership?	20
13567182428	They established trade networks and communications over relatively large areas.	Describe American Indian cultures in relation to trade networks.	21
13567182429	If American Indians had united they would have been stronger to fight against white encroachment.	How did the failure of American Indians to unite affect defending their lands against white encroachment?	22
13567182430	There was frequent warfare between cultures; thus, when European arrived they took advantage of the disunion among tribes.	Prior to contact with Europeans, how did American Indian cultures interact with one another?	23
13567182431	The exchange of food products between the Western Hemisphere and Europe was positive for both American and European diets.	What was the primary positive benefit of the Columbian Exchange?	24
13567182432	American Indians had distinct societies with different economies and lifestyles. Lack of a written language or common spoken language contributed to isolated tribal identities.	Describe North American Indian societies and economies prior to European contact.	25
13567182433	American Indians migrated westward.	How did American Indians commonly react to Europeans?	26
13567182434	mestizos	What term refers to the children of Spanish men and American Indian women?	27
13567182435	The European introduction of devastating epidemic diseases to American Indians.	What was the primary negative consequence of the Columbian Exchange?	28
13567182436	The further northward Europeans went, the less they found--so they decided to concentrate on Central and South America.	Prior to 1600, why didn't the Spanish continue to explore northward into Canada?	29
13567182437	racism	What was the main cause of the Spanish mistreating American Indians?	30
13567182438	European diseases	What killed millions of American Indians and destabilized their societies?	31
13567182439	Treaty of Tordesillas	Which treaty between Spain and Portugal created a Papal Line of Demarcation?	32
13567182440	Divided the New World--east of the line belonged to Portugal; west of the line belonged to Spain.	What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do?	33
13567182441	because of a labor shortage	Why did the Spanish use encomiendas?	34
13567182442	It made the tribes of the Great Plains stronger and transformed daily life.	What was the impact of Europeans introducing horses to North America?	35
13567182443	because so many American Indian slaves died	Why did the Spanish begin importing slaves to use as labor?	36
13567182444	mulattos	What term refers to the children of Spanish men and African women?	37
13567182445	St. Augustine, Florida	What was the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States?	38
13567182446	The English didn't want a native workforce so they settled away from large native empires.	Compared to the Spanish settling in areas of large native populations, where did the English decide to settle?	39
13567182447	Maroons	What term refers to Africans who escaped from slavery in the New World and established independent communities (many in the Caribbean and Brazil)? They kept their traditions and adapted to the New World.	40
13567182448	kinship network	What was the Native American clan primarily based on?	41
13567182449	sustainable agriculture technique of growing beans, squash, and maize	In the Native North American culture along the Eastern Seaboard, what did Three Sisters refer to?	42
13567182450	Native indians lacked large draft animals to aid in transportation and agriculture.	In what way did pre-Columbian Mesoamerican and Central American civilizations most greatly contrast with European societies?	43
13567182451	Europeans had better technology to change the landscape in a more aggressive manner.	In agricultural terms, how did Native Americans differ from their European counterparts?	44
13567182452	After an economic boom, there was widespread inflation that caused a decline in Spanish power.	What was the long-term economic impact of the Spanish colonies on the mother country (Spain)?	45
13567182453	English	Which European group (English, French, Spanish) viewed American Indian culture as savage and primative?	46
13567182454	personal wealth	What did the Spanish conquistadores mainly want out of their exploration voyages?	47
13567182455	It depended on how easily the Indians converted to Christianity.	What had the most significant effect on how well the Spanish treated the Indians?	48
13567182456	hierarchical	Describe the Spanish social system.	49
13567182457	the French maintained good relations	Compared to the Spaniards and the English, how did the French treat American Indians?	50
13567182458	Amerigo Vespucci	An Italian explorer and cartographer. His 1499-1502 trip along the South American coast determined that the New World was a distinct continent from Asia.	51
13567182459	Christopher Columbus	An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492. He was the first European to visit the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba.	52
13567182460	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to circumnavigate (sail around the world). He died in battle in the Philippines in 1521, and command was transferred to Juan Sebastian Elcano.	53
13567182461	Great League of Peace	Also called the Haudenosaunee. An alliance of the Iroquois tribes, originally formed sometime between 1450 and 1600, that used their combined strength to pressure Europeans to work with them in the fur trade and to wage war across what is today eastern North America.	54
13567182462	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547). Famous for intentionally destroying his own ships in order to force his men not to abandon their campaign.	55
13567182463	Jacques Cartier	This Frenchman explored the coast of Canada and claimed it for the French. He cultivated a fur trade with American Indians. Dubbed the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and its surroundings as "the country of Canadas," a term derived from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word for village/settlement.	56
13567182464	Jaun de Onate	A conquistador born in New Spain (modern day Mexico). Established the first permanent colonial settlement in what is the modern day American Southwest. Infamous for the 1599 Acoma Massacre, which saw over 800 American Indians killed. Later recalled to Spain and convicted for cruelty toward natives and colonists alike.	57
13567182465	Jaun Ponce de Leon	Spanish explorer and conquistador who discovered and named Florida in 1513 while looking for the fountain of youth.	58
13567182466	Repartmiento	Replaced the encomienda system. American Indians living in native villages were legally free. This system legally rendered indigenous slavery nonexistent; natives were allowed land, received pay for labor, and could not be bought and sold. However, they were still abused by Spanish authorities and working conditions could still be brutal.	59
13567182467	Roanoke	Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.	60
13567182468	Samuel de Champlain	French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635) Known as the farther of New France. Made the first accurate maps of what is modern day Eastern Canada.	61
13567182469	Sir Walter Raleigh	An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."	62
13567182470	Spanish Requirement of 1513	Spain asserted its divine right to conquer the New World, stating that its main concern was to rescue the natives from hedonism.	63
13567182471	Three Sisters	Three staple crops, corn, beans, and squash favored by many native tribes in North America. Their collective name references their interdependence: the cornstalks provided a structure for the beans to grow up, and the squash held moisture in the soil for all three.	64
13567182472	Vasco Nunez de Balboa	Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring the Isthmus of Panama.	65
13567182473	Virginia Company	Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. The Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England. Chartered in 1606 by King James I in order to settle the North American eastern coastline.	66