AP US History Chapter 18 Key Terms and Key People Flashcards

12355092390	Plessy v Ferguson	An 1896 Supreme Court case that ruled that racially segregated railroad cars and other public facilities, if they claimed to be "separate but equal," were permissible according to the Fourteenth Amendment.	0
12355092391	Young Men's Christian Association	Introduced in Boston in 1851, the YMCA promoted muscular Christianity, combining evangelism with athletic facilities where men could make themselves "clean and strong."	1
12355092392	Negro Leagues	All-African American professional baseball teams where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride. The leagues thrived until the desegregation of baseball after World War II.	2
12355092393	Sierra Club	An organization founded in 1892 that was dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of America's great mountains (including the Sierra Nevadas) and wilderness environments. Encouraged by such groups, national and state governments began to set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation.	3
12355092394	National Park Service	A federal agency founded in 1916 that provided comprehensive oversight of the growing system of national parks.	4
12355092395	National Audubon Society	Named in honor of antebellum naturalist John James Audubon, a national organization formed in 1901 that advocated for broader government protections for wildlife.	5
12355092396	Comstock Act	An 1873 law that prohibited circulation of "obscene literature," defined as including most information on sex, reproduction, and birth control.	6
12355092397	Liberal Arts	A form of education pioneered by President Charles W. Eliot at Harvard University, whereby students chose from a range of electives, shaping their own curricula as they developed skills in research, critical thinking, and leadership.	7
12355092398	Atlanta Compromise	An 1895 address by Booker T. Washington that urged whites and African Americans to work together for the progress of all. Delivered at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta, the speech was widely interpreted as approving racial segregation.	8
12355092399	Maternalism	The belief that women should contribute to civic and political life through their special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides. Maternalists put this ideology into action by creating dozens of social reform organizations.	9
12355092400	Woman's Christian Temperance Union	An organization advocating the prohibition of liquor that spread rapidly after 1879, when charismatic Frances Willard became its leader. Advocating suffrage and a host of reform activities, it launched tens of thousands of women into public life and was the first nationwide organization to identify and condemn domestic violence.	10
12355092401	National Association of Colored Women	An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support. Through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns.	11
12355092402	National American Woman Suffrage Association	Women's suffrage organization created in 1890 by the union of the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association. Up to national ratification of suffrage in 1920, the NAWSA played a central role in campaigning for women's right to vote.	12
12355092403	Feminism	The ideology that women should enter the public sphere not only to work on behalf of others, but also for their own equal rights and advancement. Feminists moved beyond advocacy of women's voting rights to seek greater autonomy in professional careers, property rights, and personal relationships.	13
12355092404	Natural Selection	Charles Darwin's theory that when individual members of a species are born with random genetic mutations that better suit them for their environment — for example, camouflage coloring for a moth — these characteristics, since they are genetically transmissible, become dominant in future generations.	14
12355092405	Social Darwinism	An idea, actually formulated not by Charles Darwin but by British philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer, that human society advanced through ruthless competition and the "survival of the fittest."	15
12355092406	Eugenics	An emerging "science" of human breeding in the late nineteenth century that argued that mentally deficient people should be prevented from reproducing.	16
12355092407	Realism	A movement that called for writers and artists to picture daily life as precisely and truly as possible.	17
12355092408	Naturalism	A literary movement that suggested that human beings were not so much rational agents and shapers of their own destinies as blind victims of forces beyond their control.	18
12355092409	Modernism	A movement that questioned the ideals of progress and order, rejected realism, and emphasized new cultural forms. Modernism became the first great literary and artistic movement of the twentieth century and remains influential today.	19
12355092410	American Protective Association	A powerful political organization of militant Protestants, which for a brief period in the 1890s counted more than two million members. In its virulent anti-Catholicism and calls for restrictions on immigrants, the APA prefigured the revived Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s.	20
12355092411	Social Gospel	A movement to renew religious faith through dedication to public welfare and social justice, reforming both society and the self through Christian service.	21
12355092412	Fundamentalism	A term adopted by Protestants, between the 1890s and the 1910s, who rejected modernism and historical interpretations of scripture and asserted the literal truth of the Bible. Fundamentalists have historically seen secularism and religious relativism as markers of sin that will be punished by God.	22
12355092413	Thomas Edison	Operated an independent laboratory rather than a corporation. Despite his shred personality, he was hailed as the most famous inventor of his time (and this time). He is credited for creating the phonograph, the motion-picture camera, and long-lasting electrical light bulb.	23
12355092414	John Muir	Became the most prominent voice for the wilderness. He is most well known for developing the Sierra Club.	24
12355092415	Booker T. Washington	Made one of the most famous educational projects in the South, known as the Tuskegee Institute, founded in 1881. He taught and exemplified the goal of self- help. He is also known for publishing "Up From Slavery" (1901) which became a bestseller.	25
12355092416	Frances Willard	Became the leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1879. She advised "womanliness first" to all of her followers. She also put lots of blame on alcohol over all other factors.	26
12355092417	Ida B. Wells	One of the most prominent racial voices who was a young Tennessee schoolteacher who sued the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company for denying her a seat in the ladies' car/	27
12355092418	Mark Twain	America's most famous writer. He came to such a success with books such as "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." He became one of the bitterest critics of America's idea of progress.	28
12355092419	Billy Sunday	Helped bring evangelism into the modern era. He became the most celebrated and influential American evangelist.	29