Cells Flashcards
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| 11738358634 | Eukaryotic Cell | cell that has a nucleus surrounded by a membrane, contain ER, mitochondria, Golgi Bodies. |  | 0 |
| 11738370715 | Prokaryotic Cell | a cell from domain Archaea or Bacteria which is usually unicellular and lacks a distinct nucleus and has no membrane-bound organelles. | | 1 |
| 11738379333 | Nuclear Membrane | a double membrane that encloses the nucleus in which its outer part is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. |  | 2 |
| 11738381584 | Nucleolus | manufactures the cell ribosomes. |  | 3 |
| 11738397139 | Chromatin | located in the eukaryotic nucleus; it is composed of DNA double helix wrapped in special proteins called histones. |  | 4 |
| 11738404047 | Nucleoid | the space in the prokaryotic cell's cytoplasm where genetic information (DNA) is found. |  | 5 |
| 11738424778 | Ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |  | 6 |
| 11738427793 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) | Fatty acid and steroid synthesis (makes lipids); detoxifies toxic substances and contains no ribosomes. |  | 7 |
| 11738430114 | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | An endomembrane system which functions to compartmentalize the cell providing a site-specific for protein synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays a role in intracellular transport. |  | 8 |
| 11738443849 | The Golgi-Complex | is a membrane-bound structure that consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae that functions to synthezise and package materials for transport (in vesicles) and the production of lysosomes. |  | 9 |
| 11738451034 | Mitochondria | have a double membrane, the outside that is smooth and in the inside that is highly convoluted forming folds called cristae (to increase surface area) which contain enzymes important to ATP production. |  | 10 |
| 11738466025 | Lysosomes | are membrane-enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes which are important in intracellular digestion, the recycling of cell's organic materials, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). |  | 11 |
| 11738482486 | Apoptosis | is an orderly process of programmed cell death in which the cell's contents are packaged into small packets of membrane for "garbage collection" by immune cells. Cancer cells can be eliminated this way along with infected cells. Research suggests that menstruation is signaled to begin with apoptosis. |  | 12 |
| 11738502573 | Large vacuoles | are present in plants and serve many functions such as storage of pigments and the large central vacuole holds large amounts of water or food. |  | 13 |
| 11738518717 | vesicles | small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell |  | 14 |
| 11738529503 | As surface area of a cell increases | volume decreases. |  | 15 |
| 11738536255 | chloroplasts | organelles containing chlorophyll which is responsible for the green color and are the key light-trapping molecules of photosynthesis. These organelles have a double outer membrane that creates compartmentalization for thylakoids where the chlorophyll is housed to produce ATP and NADPH to fuel carbon-fixing reactions in the stroma where molecules of CO2 are converted to carbohydrates (glucose, C6H12O6). |  | 16 |
| 11738574119 | Cytoskeleton | network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement. Composed of microtubules that can form flagella or cilia, move chromosomes during nuclear division or provide a pathway for motor proteins to transport vesicles throughout the cell and composed of microfilaments for cell shape and movement. |  | 17 |
| 11738600186 | stomach cells | - chief cells produce: pepsinogen which forms pepsin enzyme to breakdown protein. - parietal cells produce: HCl. - mucous cells produce: mucous lubricating stomach. |  | 18 |
| 11738609048 | kidney cells | nephrons: functional unit of the kidney made up of tubules and a glomerulus through which filtrate passes making urine. |  | 19 |
| 11738618502 | Root cells | cells in the root have root hairs that absorb water from the soil; these cells have no chloroplasts. |  | 20 |
| 11738620404 | Urinary bladder cells | epithelial cells that are highly elastic to accommodate expansion and contraction. |  | 21 |
| 11738652270 | small intestinal cells | Cells that secrete enzymes to further hydrolyze the polysaccarides into monosaccharides and these cells absorb these nutrients via villi and microvilli. |  | 22 |
| 11738699406 | Stem cells | unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells |  | 23 |
| 11738702753 | Leaf cells | Cells of a plant that have lots of chloroplasts to absorb sunlight |  | 24 |
| 11738718517 | neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. |  | 25 |
| 11738721543 | dendrites | a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |  | 26 |
| 11738722223 | cell body | Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm |  | 27 |
| 11738723011 | axon hillock | the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates |  | 28 |
| 11738725502 | Axon | A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses (ions like Na+ and K+ moving into and out of the axonal membrane) away from the cell body. |  | 29 |
| 11738731857 | myelin sheath | A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. |  | 30 |
| 11738733559 | axon terminal end | contain neurotransmitters (chemical released when impulse arrives) |  | 31 |
| 11738735243 | Synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |  | 32 |
| 11738736709 | Neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons |  | 33 |
| 11738740382 | stimulus | a signal to which an organism responds |  | 34 |
| 11738743227 | types of neurons | sensory, motor, interneurons |  | 35 |
| 11738745325 | red blood cells (erythrocytes) | contain hemoglobin that transports oxygen |  | 36 |
| 11738750134 | white blood cells (leukocytes) | respond to injury or infection |  | 37 |
| 11738757962 | All cells have | cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes | 38 | |
| 11738761966 | Action Potential (AP) | an electrical impulse changing the permeability of a membrane |  | 39 |
| 11738775116 | cells of the alveoli | are very thin and produce a fluid to increase the diffusion of gases between the alveoli air and the blood where CO2 diffuses out of the capillaries and O2 diffuses into the capillaries. |  | 40 |
| 11738792647 | Plant cell wall | is a protective structure made of cellulose (polysaccharide) fibrils. |  | 41 |
| 11738794744 | Cell membrane (plasma membrane) | phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell. |  | 42 |
| 11738799853 | selectively permeable | a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |  | 43 |
| 11738802036 | Phospholipid molecules | compose the membrane structure; have polar phosphate heads (hydrophilic) and lipid non-polar tails (hydrophobic) |  | 44 |
| 11738803957 | Phospholipid bilayer | a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward. |  | 45 |
| 11738808527 | Channel proteins | have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a passageway. |  | 46 |
| 11738811165 | ion gated channels | proteins responsible for allowing sodium or potassium to diffuse into or out of the axon |  | 47 |
| 11738814493 | Aquaporins | water channel proteins that allow water to diffuse from regions of high water to regions of low water. |  | 48 |
| 11738818120 | Plasmolysis (plant cells) | The pulling away of the cytoplasm and plasma membrane from the cell wall due to lack of water |  | 49 |
| 11738822309 | receptor proteins | Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow communication between cells. |  | 50 |
| 11738825970 | Cholesterol in membrane | a lipid embedded in the phospholipid bilayer that helps maintain fluidity of the membrane, especially in cold temperatures. |  | 51 |
| 11738829208 | Diffusion | Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |  | 52 |
| 11738830063 | facilitated diffusion (passive transport) | Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels without energy (ATP). | | 53 |
| 11738834173 | active transport | Energy-requiring (ATP) process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration). |  | 54 |
| 11738842061 | exocytosis | release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane. |  | 55 |
| 11738844349 | Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) | A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane. |  | 56 |
| 11738848288 | Receptor-mediated endocytosis | The uptake of specific molecules based on a cell's receptor proteins |  | 57 |
| 11738854440 | Glucose transport protein | a type of protein molecule that responds to the insulin signal to facilitate glucose uptake from the blood stream into liver cells or skeletal muscle cells. |  | 58 |
| 11738857343 | insulin | A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by signaling the cells to uptake of glucose from the blood into the cytoplasm of the cell. |  | 59 |
| 11738874487 | Matrix of the Mitochondria | location of Kreb's cycle in which electron carries like NADH and FADH2 are produced and CO2 waste gas is released, and some ATP is produced. |  | 60 |
| 11738882121 | Inner membrane space of the mitochondria | is the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion where a proton gradient is produced from the pumping of protons from the matrix into this space so this space tends to have a low pH. |  | 61 |
| 11738892227 | B cells | Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses. |  | 62 |
| 11738893168 | T cells | Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body. |  | 63 |
| 11738894507 | Helper T cells | Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells. |  | 64 |
| 11738895959 | Virus structure | Contains genetic material either DNA or RNA, and a protein coat. |  | 65 |
| 11738929976 | osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |  | 66 |
| 11738929977 | A hypertonic solution surrounding a cell | has a solute concentration greater than that inside the cell whose solution is described as hypotonic; the cell responds with a net flow of water loss. |  | 67 |
| 11738937889 | A hypotonic solution surrounding a cell | has a solute concentration less than that inside the cell which is described as hypertonic; the cell responds with a net gain of water, swells. |  | 68 |
| 11738943198 | An isotonic solution surrounding a cell | is a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell which is described as isotonic. |  | 69 |
| 11738952207 | water potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. Water potential = solute potential + pressure potential. |  | 70 |
| 11738967545 | solute potential | This measurement has a maximum value of 0; it decreases as the concentration of a solute increases. |  | 71 |
| 11738979064 | Equation for solute potential | -iCRT in which i = the ionization constant C = molar concentration (moles/L) R = pressure constant (0.0831 liter bars/mole K) and K is temperature in Kelvin. T = temperature in degrees kelvin = 273 + C' |  | 72 |
| 11739011752 | What is the solute potential Ψs of a 1.0M sugar solution at 22 degrees Celsius under standard atmospheric conditions Ψp=0 ? Round to the nearest tenth. | -24.5 Bars | 73 | |
| 11739020287 | A plant cell has a solute potential of -4.0 bars and a pressure potential of 1.0 bar. What is its water potential to the nearest whole number? If this cell is placed in a solution with a water potential of -5.0 bar. What will happen to this cell? | -3.0 Bars. If this cell is placed in a solution with a water potential of -5.0 bars, the cell will lose water by net flow and shrink. | 74 |