Molecular Genetics Flashcards

13714323420	Griffith's experiment	an experiment carried out by Griffith using the heat-killed bacteria in mice to discover that a factor in heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria can "transform" harmless bacteria into ones that can cause disease -Transforming principle	0
13714333398	Avery, McCarty, MacLeod	Discovered DNA stores and transmits genetic information . -DNA is the transforming principle	1
13714345391	Hershey-Chase Experiment	Used radioactive material to label DNA and protein of bacteriophages; infected bacteria passed on DNA; helped prove that DNA is genetic material, not proteins (blender experiment)	2
13714355381	Chargaff	Analyzed DNA from many species. Found that the amount of A&T and C&G are equal. Found that ratio of (A+T)/(G+C) varied within organisms but the same within a species.	3
13714362994	Franklin and Wilkins	Used X ray diffraction to take pictures of DNA structure; it showed that DNA is helical	4
13714370317	Watson and Crick	Figured out the structure of DNA was a double helix; Bases on the inside, sugar, and phosphate alternating on the outside. Determined A pairs with T, C pairs with G.	5
13714392460	What is DNA made of?	repeating monomers called nucleotides	6
13714405184	What are DNA nucleotides made of?	5C sugars (deoxyribose) phosphate group nitrogenous base	7
13714412804	Which nitrogenous bases are purines?	Adenine and Guanine (2 ring)	8
13714412898	Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?	Cytosine and Thymine (1 ring)	9
13714431491	Which direction is DNA read?	5' to 3'	10
13714434275	DNA replication	semiconservative	11
13714440553	semiconservative replication	Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand	12
13714447830	conservative replication	Conservative replication is a theoretical method of replication where the original strands of DNA are left intact and two new strands are formed bonded together.	13
13714453853	dispersive replication	a disproved model of DNA synthesis suggesting more or less random interspersion of parental and new segments in daughter DNA molecules	14
13714458878	Steps of DNA replication	-DNA helicase unwinds the molecule -DNA polymerase uses the template strand to add nucleotides according to base pairing rules -The primase enzyme uses the original DNA sequence as a template to synthesize a short RNA primer. Primers are necessary because DNA polymerase can only extend a nucleotide chain, not start one. - DNA ligase comes along and removes the existing RNA primers - Fills in gap with DNA	15
13714599462	Meselson and Stahl	Proved that DNA replicates in a semiconservative fashion, confirming Watson and Crick's hypothesis. Cultured bacteria in a medium containing heavy nitrogen (15N) and then a medium containing light nitrogen (14N); after extracting the DNA, they demonstrated that the replicated DNA consisted of one heavy strand and one light strand	16
13849539289	smooth strain	virulent	17
13849539290	rough strain	harmless strain	18
13849541453	pathogenic	disease causing	19
13849543019	transformation	process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria	20
13849547022	Bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacteria	21
13849550285	X-ray crystallography	A technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule.	22
13849565081	How did research done by other scientists help Watson and Crick?	- Used Franklin and Wilkins x-ray to determine shape -Used Chargaff's findings determine which bases pair with what	23
13849586283	organic compounds	Compounds that contain carbon	24
13849588427	deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.	25
13849589771	double helix	two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA	26
13849591895	nitrogen base	a DNA nucleotide containing nitrogen, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group	27
13849594638	what does adenine pair with in RNA?	Uracil	28
13849600716	What nitrogen base is not found in RNA?	Thymine	29
13849602079	What nitrogen base is not found in DNA?	Uracil	30
13849603258	complementary base pairing	Hydrogen bonding between particular pyrimidines and purines. Adenine & Thymine. Cytosine & Guanine.	31
13849614382	Which part of DNA is the sugar and which part is the phosphate in a diagram?		32
13849635939	sugar-phosphate backbone	The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached	33
13849640813	Why does the backbone of DNA have to have alternating sugar and phosphates?	Because if it was all sugar or all phosphate the DNA would be single charged and repeal other pieces of DNA.	34
13849649530	hydrogen bond	weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom	35
13849652170	Why is it necessary for nitrogen bonds to be held together by hydrogen bonds?	It makes DNA replication possible	36
13849660553	nucleoid region	The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA.	37
13849664385	two types of nucleic acids	deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)	38
13849666201	Where is DNA located in eukaryotes?	chromosomes in the nucleus	39
13849668739	Where is DNA located in prokaryotes?	nucleoid region	40
13849671186	Functions of DNA	stores, copies, and transmits genetic information in a cell	41
13849675692	Why is DNA considered an organic compound?	Because it contains 5 carbon sugars	42
13849701957	What is the monomer that makes up nucleic acids?	nucleotides	43
13849714742	Two groups of nitrogenous bases	purines and pyrimidines	44
13849720128	Flat Model of DNA		45
13849771033	Which molecules are attached to each deoxyribose sugar in the DNA molecule?	Nitrogen bases and Phosphate groups	46
13849774351	Which molecules are attached to each phosphate group in the DNA molecule?	5 carbon sugar	47
13849781966	Which molecules are attached to each nitrogen base in the DNA molecule?	5 carbon sugar and another base	48
13849787927	DNA replication	the process of making a copy of DNA	49
13849787928	DNA helicase	An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication	50
13849789165	DNA polymerase	-Enzyme involved in DNA replication that adds new nucleotides to the original strands. -Can only move in one direction	51
13849798888	replication fork	A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.	52
13849803679	Parent strand	The template for constructing the new DNA double helix (og DNA)	53
13849806537	Daughter strand	the newly made stand in DNA replication	54
13849810173	In what organelle does DNA replication occur?	nucleus	55
13849813399	What phase of cell division does DNA replication occur?	S phase of interphase	56
13849819209	What is the goal of DNA replication?	to ensure that every cell has a complete set of identical DNA	57
13849820344	Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative?	Each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one parental strand and one new strand	58
13849822242	DNA ligase	an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments	59
13849832956	primase	synthesizes RNA primer	60
13849839176	ribonucleic acid (RNA)	single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose	61
13849840445	what is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?	deoxyribose is missing an oxygen atom	62
13849849935	ribose sugar	sugar used in RNA to make up the "backbone"	63
13849851257	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions (the order of the nitrogen bases)for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell	64
13849852457	Transfer RNA (tRNA)	An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA -Carries amino acids to ribosomes	65
13849855814	codon	A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid	66
13849856910	Anti-codon	group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon	67
13849858440	What base sequence do you use to read an amino acid chart?	mRNA	68
13849869377	What sequences is mRNA complementary to?	DNA and tRNA (therefore DNA and tRNA should be the same)	69
13849876834	Ribosmal RNA (rRNA)	type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes	70
13849880059	Gene	A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait	71
13849880060	Protien	a chain of amino acids that builds body tissues and supplies energy.	72
13849885130	trait	A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.	73
13849886816	Ribosome	Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.	74
13849887858	promoter region	region of DNA that RNA polymerase attaches to to begin transcription.	75
13849890426	RNA polymerase	enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template	76
13849894612	Transcription	synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template	77
13849896577	Translation	Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced	78
13849897948	amino acids	-a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group. -monomer of proteins	79
13849904343	peptide bond	covalent bond formed between amino acids	80
13849906810	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	81
13849906811	ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	82
13849909346	amino acid structure		83
13849911426	Polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	84
13849913014	Start codon	codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein (AUG)	85
13849914134	stop codon	codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation (UAC)	86
13849915007	genetic code	the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells	87
13849920445	Differences between DNA and RNA	DNA has deoyribose, thymine, and is double-stranded. RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded	88
13849922361	Similarities between DNA and RNA	Both are nucleic acids; both have A, C, and G	89
13849952069	Role of DNA in protein synthesis	-Has the instructions -Creates mRNA	90
13849960773	Structure of tRNA	"T"-shaped, has anticodons complementary to the mRNA opposite of the amino acid	91
13849974350	Structure of mRNA	single stranded	92
13849976633	Structure of rRNA	globular	93
13849979654	location of mRNA	nucleus and cytoplasm	94
13849982541	Location of tRNA	cytoplasm and ribosome	95
13849988754	Location of rRNA	ribosome	96
13850008881	Where does transcription occur?	nucleus	97
13850008883	Where does translation occur?	ribosome, cytoplasm, and nucleus	98
13850012845	Central Dogma of Biology	DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein	99
13850027968	Steps of Transcription	-RNA polymerase unzips the DNA double helix -RNA Nucleotides are formed from the nucleotides in the DNA template strand -The mRNA that is formed leaves the nucleus	100
13850050543	steps of translation	-mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome after leaving the nucleus -Ribosome and rRNA translate the mRNA -tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the first codon to be translated on the mRNA binds to the ribosome -The bases on the codon and anticodon link together by forming hydrogen bonds -The two amino acids carried by the tRNA molecules are bonded together by peptide linkage. A dipeptide is formed, attached to the tRNA on the right. -The tRNA on the left detaches. The ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon. Another tRNA carrying amino acid binds. A chain of three amino acids is formed. These stages are repeated until a polypeptide is formed.	101
13850078382	point mutation	gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed	102
13850080250	neutral mutation	a mutation that has no effect on survival or reproduction	103
13850084394	silent mutation	A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.	104
13850085408	deletion mutation	a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene	105
13850086938	Substitution	A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide	106
13850087990	frameshift mutation	mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide	107
13850091343	nonsense mutation	A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.	108
13850095493	duplication mutation	a mutation that involves duplication of a region of DNA on the same strand	109
13850095494	inversion mutation	Mutation in which a chromosome piece reattaches to original chromosome but in reverse orientation	110
13850097753	Translocation mutation	mutation in which one part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another	111
13850099990	Are all mutations harmful?	Many mutations are harmful but some are neutral and a few are beneficial.	112
13850103021	What are some beneficial mutations?	immunity to HIV or resistant to some disease	113
13853816950	gene expression	process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function	114
13854661424	RNA splicing	Process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together.	115
13854665240	protein processing	Polypeptide chain is folded into protein	116
13854677774	Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA)	rare genetic disease that causes blindness and extreme farsightedness in newborns	117
13854692808	sickle cell disease	Genetic disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an sickled shape	118
13854697063	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	A genetic disease caused by a sex-linked (x) recessive allele ; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.	119
13854705910	Huntington's disease	A genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until adulthood	120
13854711674	cystic fibrosis	A genetic disorder that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection	121
13854719502	CRISPR/Cas9	Changes sequence of DNA at precise locations to edit out mistakes, add back deleted genes, or change order of sequence to avoid mutations	122
13854742284	Gene therapy	The insertion of working copies of a gene in a virus into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder	123
13854752902	Gene switches	Targets regulatory DNA sequences to alter gene expression (turn off mutant genes or turn on necessary genes)	124
13854771136	Exon skipping	The directed removal of exons during mRNA processing to restore the reading frame of the mature mRNA to make a shortened, but functional protein	125
13854777365	RNA interference	Blocking gene expression by means of an miRNA silencing complex.	126
13854781167	Small molecule drug	A diverse group of chemical compounds that can block negative affects of disease causing proteins or restore proteins to proper function	127
13855125533	What bonds hold sugar and phosphate in DNA together?	Covalent bond	128
13856149965	Marshal Nirenberg	-Found that some codons are punctuation marks (stop codons) -Found that some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon -matched codons to amino acids	129