AP Chemistry Chapter 13 Flashcards

8568768660	component	each of the substances in a solution	0
8568768661	solvent	normally the component present in the greatest amount	1
8568768662	solutes	components within solution that are in lesser amounts than others	2
8568768663	aqueous solutions	solutions that contain water as a solvent and a gas, liquid, or solid as the solute	3
8568768664	solvation	interactions between solute and solvent molecules	4
8568768665	hydration	interactions between solute and solvent molecules (solvation) in which the solvent is water	5
8568768666	entropy	thermodynamic quantity that describes the degree of randomness or disorder of a system in a solution; formation of solution is favored by greater entropy	6
8568768667	miscible	describes pairs of liquids that mix/dissolve in all proportions ex: acetone and water	7
8568768668	immiscible	describes pairs of liquids that do not dissolve in one another	8
8568768669	dilute	solution with a relatively small concentration of solute; measures cnc qualitatively	9
8568768670	concentrated	solution with a relatively high concentration of solute; measures cnc qualitatively	10
8568768671	mass percentage	(mass of solute/mass of solution) x 100%	11
8568768672	parts per million (ppm)	mass or volume of solute/ mass or volume of solution x 1,000,000; used to describe solutes in extremely low concentration	12
8568768673	molarity	The number of moles of solute per liter of solution; depends on volume of total solution	13
8568768674	mole fraction	The ratio of the moles of solute in solution to the total number of moles of both solvent and solute	14
8568768675	molality	the concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent; depends on mass of solvent	15
8568768676	colligative properties	properties that depend on the quantity (cnc) and not the type or quality of the solute particles	16
8568768677	nonvolatile	substance that has no measurable vapor pressure	17
8568768678	volatile	substance that exhibits a vapor pressure	18
8568768679	vapor pressure	pressure exerted by a vapor when equilibrium is reached	19
8568768680	Raoult's law	law stating that the partial pressure exerted by solvent vapor above a solution (P(A)) equals the product of the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution (X(A)) times the vapor pressure of the pure solvent	20
8568768681	ideal solution	solution that obeys Raoult's law; very few solutions obey this law	21
8568768682	molal boiling-point-elevation constant	A constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the increase in boiling point as function of solution molality: ⌂Tb = K(b)m.	22
8568768683	molal freezing-point-depression constant	A constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the decrease of freezing point as a function of solution molality: ⌂Tf = K(f)m	23
8568768684	semipermeable	characteristic of certain materials that allow some molecules to pass through their network of tiny pores but not others; allow small solvent molecules like water to pass through but not larger solute molecules or ions	24
8568768685	osmosis	net movement of solvent molecules from the less concentrated solution into the more concentrated one	25
8568768686	osmotic pressure	pressure required to prevent osmosis by pure solvent	26
8568768687	isotonic	characteristic of two solutions of identical osmotic pressure are separated by a semipermeable surface	27
8568768688	hypotonic	characteristic of a solution of lower osmotic pressure	28
8568768689	hypertonic	characteristic of a solution of higher osmotic pressure; more concentrated with respect to the diluted solution	29
8568768690	colloidal dispersions	Mixtures containing particles larger than normal solutes but small enough to remain suspended in the dispersing medium.	30
8568768691	colloid	intermediate types of dispersions or suspensions in which dispersed particles are larger than typical molecules but smaller than separate components of the mixture influenced by gravity	31
8568768692	Tyndall effect	the scattering of light by colloidal particles because light can pass through the suspension	32
8568768693	hydrophilic	characteristic of water-loving colloids	33
8568768694	hydrophobic	characteristic of water-fearing colloids	34
8568768695	dissolution	the process of dissolving	35