APWH - Period 3 Key Terms Flashcards
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| 4288663563 | Estate-General | meeting of first estate (clergy, second estate (nobles), and third estate (everyone else) of France | 0 | |
| 4288663564 | National Assembly | third estate feels they are not being heard so they declare themselves the sovereigns of France, wrote Declaration of the Rights of Man based on Enlightenment ideas, ratified new Constitution | 1 | |
| 4288663565 | Convention (French government) | replaces National Assembly under new constitution written after Austrians and Prussians invade France (second new constitution), led by radicals known as Jacobins | 2 | |
| 4288663566 | Napoleonic Code | French laws written by Napoleon, based on Enlightenment ideas, very paternalistic | 3 | |
| 4288663567 | Balance of Power | policy created by Congress of Vienna to prevent rise of second Napoleon | 4 | |
| 4288663568 | Enclosure | public land in Europe (known as commons) is made private in 1700's | 5 | |
| 4288663569 | Urbanization | American and European cities skyrocket in population because of enclosure and advances in farming, helps industrial revolution | 6 | |
| 4288663570 | Domestic System | middlemen would take wool or cotton to homes, women would spin in it, middlemen picked it up, inefficient system, ended after start of industrial revolution | 7 | |
| 4288663571 | Flying Shuttle | machine invented in 1733 by John Kay, sped up weaving | 8 | |
| 4288663572 | Spinning Jenny | machine invented in 1764 by Hargreaves, quickly spun thread | 9 | |
| 4288663573 | Cotton Gin | machine to process cotton invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 | 10 | |
| 4288663574 | Steam Engine | invented by Thomas Newcomer in early 1700's, greatly improved by James Watt in 1769, powered factories, steam ship invented by Robert Fulton in 1807, train invented by George Stephenson in 1820's | 11 | |
| 4288663575 | Interchangeable Parts | system of having standard machine parts started by Eli Whitney | 12 | |
| 4288663576 | Assembly Line | factory workers repeatedly do only one step of making an item, invented by Henry Ford | 13 | |
| 4288663577 | Free Market System (Capitalism) | open market for goods and services, private ownership, endorsed by Adam Smith | 14 | |
| 4288663578 | Laissez-Faire Capitalism | government completely removes itself from economic regulation | 15 | |
| 4288663579 | Labor Unions | thousands of employees would bargain for better working conditions or threaten to strike, start in 1800's, have roots in medieval guilds | 16 | |
| 4288663580 | Social Mobility | the ability for a person to change his social class | 17 | |
| 4288663581 | Social Darwinism | believed in scientific racism, though whites (particularly British were were naturaly superior to all other races | 18 | |
| 4288663582 | White Man's Burden | poem by Rudyard Kipling, colonialism was justified as white people trying to civilized everyone else | 19 | |
| 4288663583 | Unequal Treaties | a series of treaties made during imperialism which strongly favor western countries, starting with Treaty of Nanjing (Britain and China), includes Treaty of Kanagawa (US and Japan, 1854, before Meiji Restoration) | 20 | |
| 4288663584 | Spheres of Influence | France, Germany, Russia, and Britain divide China into sections they each can invest and trade and build military bases in, Manchu dynasty still the governmental authority | 21 | |
| 4288663585 | Open Door Policy (1899) | US announces support of Manchu dynasty's sovereignty and declares equal trading privileges for all imperial powers | 22 | |
| 4288663586 | Boxers (Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists) | attempted to kick out Imperialists from China in 1900, used guerrilla warfare, put down by foreign reinforcements, China forced to sign Boxer Protocol forcing them to formally apologize and repay Europeans and Japanese for costs of putting down rebellion | 23 | |
| 4288663587 | Russification | - | 24 | |
| 4288663588 | French and Indian / Seven Years War | 1763, French ally with Algonquin and Iroquois tribes and attack Britain's American Colonies, British win and take much of French territorry including Ohio River Valley | 25 | |
| 4288663589 | Thomas Paine | Enlightenment thinker, wrote Common Sense, inspired American Revolution | 26 | |
| 4288663590 | Napoleon Bonaparte | former general who overthrew Directory and wrote new constitution (fourth new constitution) and declared himself First Consul of France, made reforms in agriculture and infrastructure and public education, made Napoleonic codes based on Enlightenment ideas but was very paternalistic, conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain and Portugal, dissolved Holy Roman Empire, defeated in Russia then exiled, defeaters meet in Vienna but dissagree, Napoleon hears about the disagreement and returns | 27 | |
| 4288663591 | Waterloo | Napoleon is defeated again in 1815 after his return | 28 | |
| 4288663592 | Congress of Vienna | defeaters of Napoleon decide what to do with his territories, restore all monarchs except Holy Roman Empire, tried to erase French Revolution by restoring monarchy, tried to make balance of power between European countries | 29 | |
| 4288663593 | Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture | led Haitian revolution from France, Napoleon sent 20,000 troops who were defeated partialy due to yellow fever but did capture L'Ouverture, his lieutenant Jacques Dessalines declared Haiti a free republic in 1804 | 30 | |
| 4288663594 | Simon Bolivar | helped to liberated South American countries from Spain including Gran Columbia (modern Columbia, Equador and Venezuala), Peru, and Bolivia | 31 | |
| 4288663595 | Miguel Hidalgo | Creol preist, led Mexican revolt, defeated and executed at Calderon Bridge, Jose Morelos takes over and has success but is executed by landowning class for intentions to redistribute land in 1815, does not free Mexico from Spain | 32 | |
| 4288663596 | Treaty of Cordoba | Mexico becomes independent, 1821, signed after landowning class wanted independance | 33 | |
| 4288663597 | Charles Darwin | came up with evolution by means of natural selection | 34 | |
| 4288663598 | Adam Smith | in 1776 wrote The Wealth of Nations, argued for free market capitalism, opposite of Karl Marx | 35 | |
| 4288663599 | Karl Marx | in 1848 wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels, said working class would revolt, foundation of Socialism and Communist, opposite of Adam Smith | 36 | |
| 4288663600 | Luddites | groups of worker who destroyed factory equipment in middle of night to protest working condition and low wages in England in the early 1800's, government sided with factories and executed some workers, harsh laws were enacted to prevent further action | 37 | |
| 4288663601 | Opium Wars | British sold Opium (drug) to China through port in Canton starting in 1773, by 1838 addiction was so widespread and destructive that the Emporor outlawed sale of Opium, British Opium in Canton was seized in 1939, fought war 1839-1842, China loses and forced to sign Treaty of Nanjing, British now could expand trade with China including Opium sale, British claim Hong Kong in 1843, Christian monasteries allowed in 1844, second war 1856-1850, British won and made Open Door Policy where each European country could trade with a different part of China, opened all of China to European trade | 38 | |
| 4288663602 | White Lotus Rebellions | Buddhist rebellion against Manchu dynasty for taxes and corruption in early 1800's | 39 | |
| 4288663603 | Taiping Rebellions | huge rebellion against Manchu dynasty in mid-1800's, leader claimed to be brother of Jesus, almost succeeded; as many as 30 million died | 40 | |
| 4288663604 | Self-Strengthening Movement | Manchu dynasty tries and fails to get its act together in the 1860's | 41 | |
| 4288663605 | Sino-Japanese War | Japan defeats Manchu dynasty and takes Taiwan from them in Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) | 42 | |
| 4288663606 | Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | US bans immigration of Chinese laborers | 43 | |
| 4288663607 | Commodore Matthew Perry | American who arrived in Japan on steamboat to initiate trade with an isolated Japan, breaks National Seclusion Policy, inspires Meiji Restoration | 44 | |
| 4288663608 | Meiji Restoration | transfer of power from shogun to Japanese emperor; emulated western culture; began to industrialize | 45 | |
| 4288663609 | Boer War | Conflict between Dutch farmers (Boers) and recently arrived British in South Africa over land containing gold and diamonds | 46 | |
| 4288663610 | Muhammad Ali | broke Egypt away from the control of Ottoman Empire; modernized and industrialized Egypt | 47 | |
| 4288663611 | Suez Canal | man-made waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas; greatly shortened travel between Europe and Asia; eventually taken over by the British | 48 | |
| 4288663612 | Victor Emmanuel II | the first king of a united Italy | 49 | |
| 4288663613 | William I, William II | the first kings of a united Germany | 50 | |
| 4288663614 | Otto von Bismarck | prime minister of Prussia that united smaller states into a united Germany | 51 | |
| 4288663615 | Franco-Prussian War | led Germanic states to unite under the leadership of Prussia against France; led to the creation of Germany | 52 | |
| 4288663616 | Emancipation Edict | Alexander II of Russia abolished serfdom in 1861; serfs gained freedom, citizenship, marriage and property rights; land was too expensive to maintain | 53 | |
| 4288663617 | Monroe Doctrine | U.S. President Monroe stated that the Americas were off limits for European intervention | 54 | |
| 4288663618 | Roosevelt Corollary | U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating that Europe should stay out of economic affairs of the Americas | 55 | |
| 4288663619 | Panama Canal | man-made waterway connecting the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean; U.S. gained land because it supported Panamanian revolution against Colombia government | 56 | |
| 4288663620 | Spanish-American War | U.S. gained Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico from its quick victory over Spain; also gained influence over Cuba; made U.S. a world-leading imperialist power | 57 | |
| 4288663621 | Intolerable Acts | George Grenville and Charles Townhend pass unpopular laws for colonies on behalf of British Crown; includes Revenue Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), and Tea Act (1773), colonies were not represented in parliament, generated colonial unrest and thus American Revolution | 58 | |
| 4288663622 | American Revolution | American colonists successfully rebel against Britain with help of French, declared independence in 1776, defeat British General George Cornwallis in 1781 | 59 | |
| 4288663623 | Public Committee of Safety | instituted by Convention, killed anyone suspected of being against French Revolution, The Riegn of Terror, led by Maximilien Robespierre and Jacobins, used guillotine | 60 | |
| 4288663624 | Directory | five man government ruled France under new constitution (third new constitution), good military, bad domestic policy | 61 | |
| 4288663625 | Jose de San Martin | Creole, former Spanish officer who helped to liberate Argentina, Chile (with Bernardo O'Higgins), and Peru (with Simon Bolivar) | 62 | |
| 4288663626 | Establishment of Brazilian Independence | John VI fled to Brazil after Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807, returned in 1821 after Napoleon had been defeated, left son Pedro behind to rule Brazil, Pedro declared Brazil independent, his son (Pedro II) abdicated slavery in 1888, landowning class rebelled and established republic in 1889 | 63 | |
| 4288663627 | Telegraph | invented in 1837 by Samuel Morse | 64 | |
| 4288663628 | Telephone | invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 | 65 | |
| 4288663629 | Lightbulb | invented in 1879 by Thomas Edison, allowed factories to work all night | 66 | |
| 4288663630 | Internal Combustion Engine | invented in 1885 by Gottlieb Daimler, used in cars | 67 | |
| 4288663631 | Radio | invented in 1890's by Guglielmo Marconi, based on designs by Thomas Edison | 68 | |
| 4288663632 | Factory Act of 1883 (Britain) | limited hours of workday, restricted child labor, required safer and cleaner working conditions | 69 | |
| 4288663633 | Sepoy Mutiny | Sepoys (Indians in British army) rebeled, defeated, British government takes over for British East India Company | 70 | |
| 4288663634 | Indian National Congress | founded in 1885 to work for Indian representation in British colonial government, did not get it until 1947 | 71 | |
| 4288663635 | Sino-French War | 1883, China loses Vietnam to French, French establish colony called French Indochina | 72 |