Unit 6 AP Psych Flashcards

15811560274	Learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
15811569471	Habituation	an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it	1
15811589763	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).	2
15811593413	classical conditioning	A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.	3
15811625609	Behaviorism	The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).	4
15811654531	unconditioned response (UR)	In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.	5
15811658220	unconditioned stimulus (US)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.	6
15811664628	conditioned response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	7
15811672193	conditioned stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.	8
15811677069	acquisition	In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	9
15811706820	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)	10
15811716985	Extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.	11
15811745220	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	12
15811750136	Generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses	13
15811753657	Discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	14
15811758248	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	15
15811762340	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	16
15811769679	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	17
15811773370	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	18
15811782926	operant chamber	in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.	19
15811789040	Shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	20
15811792441	discriminative stimulus	in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)	21
15811798389	reinforcer	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	22
15811801635	positive reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.	23
15811807431	negative reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)	24
15811812869	primary reinforcer	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	25
15811825150	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	26
15811833302	conditioned reinforcer	a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer	27
15811837360	continious reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	28
15811842047	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	29
15811848482	fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	30
15811862935	variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	31
15811866678	fixed-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	32
15811874867	variable-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	33
15811879685	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	34
15811882901	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.	35
15811889980	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	36
15811892603	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	37
15811897384	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	38
15811901038	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment	39
15811907442	Biofeedback	a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension	40
15811921338	Observational learning	learning by observing others. Also called social learning	41
15811932061	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	42
15811932062	mirror neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.	43
15811941067	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	44