AP NSL Flashcards

8651340686	Rights of Citizens	Bill of Rights (Amendments 1-10) 14th Amendment (equal protection under the law)	0
8651340687	Marbury v. Madison	Gives us Judicial Review Supreme court can declare laws unconstitutional (or constitutional)	1
8651340688	McCulloch v. Maryland	Gives the National Supremacy (Elastic) Clause Federal government is supreme in cases involving fed and state Fed can do things that are deemed necessary for functions of gov (ex. Creation of FAA)	2
8651340689	Pluralist Theory	Pluralist: argument that representative democracies are based on group interests that protect the individuals interests by representing him or her to the government.	3
8651340690	Majoritarian Theory	Majoritarian: majority, what the majority wants rules	4
8651340691	Who was directly elected according to the original Constitution?	Representatives in the house (not senators)	5
8651340692	Dual Federalism	Dual: (layer cake) each level of gov. Has specific roles and tasks	6
8651340693	Cooperative Federalism	Cooperative: (marble cake) each level works together to achieve common goals (ex. Natural disaster- FEMA/STATE/LOCAL works together)	7
8651340694	13th Amendment	Made slavery unconstitutional and illegal	8
8651340695	14th Amendment	States that all people born or naturalized in the U.S. cannot have their rights taken away without due process of law. Intended to allow African Americans to vote	9
8651340696	15th Amendment	The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude	10
8651340697	18th Amendment	Prohibition (no alcohol)	11
8651340698	19th Amendment	Gave women the right to vote	12
8651340699	21st Amendment	Re-allowed people to sell and drink alcohol	13
8651340700	Constitutional Convention	Purpose to debate the ineffectiveness of the original Articles of Confederation (i.e. No way to tax, no way to fund a military) Overall adjustments to how we pick our representatives	14
8651340701	Primary Function of the Government	Protect the people Protect their interests and rights	15
8651340702	Necessary and Proper Clause	Fed gov has the power to complete actions as deemed necessary that are not explicitly written in the Constitution. #Elastic Clause #McCulloch v. Maryland	16
8651340703	Federalist Papers	Federalist #10: Argued that separation of powers and federalism check the growth of tyranny (prevents a king) Federalist #51: Explained why strong government is necessary (central government) Federalist #70: Plural executives and perpetual executives (i.e. kings) are dangerous and destructive to the ongoings of government	17
8651340704	What factors influence participation in politics?	Age, gender	18
8651340705	How were African Americans prevented from voting?	Jim Crow Laws, literacy tests, tax, property requirement, religion requirement	19
8651340706	Voting Trends		20
8651340707	Motor Voter Act		21
8651340708	Changes in public opinion and behavior		22
8651340709	Aspects of political culture		23
8651340710	US v Western Democratic elections		24
8651340711	what do labor unions do?		25
8651340712	What is the new deal coalition? who supports it?		26
8651340713	When is lobbying more effective? Less effective?		27
8651340714	Interest group techniques	1. electioneering: campaign contributions, trying to get candidates sympathetic to your cause elected to office w financial support, volunteer work, endorsement 2. lobbying: face to face contact/verbal/written persuasion, providing research 3. persuasion/public opinion: an attempt to mold, shape and influence public opinion on an issue through media campaigns 4. litigation: going to court and filing a lawsuit 5. direct action: non-violent protest 6. grassroots; starty by goaining the public support, then try to gain the support of the govt	28
8651340715	PACs		29
8651340716	Baker v Carr	Baker(R) complained that his district was twice the size of other districts making his vote unequal. Ruling: fair representation is part of equal protection clause of 14th amendments are under the supreme courts jurisdiction, districts are made equal	30
8651340717	Ways and Means committee	responsible for: taxes, tariffs, revenue raising measures	31
8651340718	Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission		32
8651340719	Why are interest groups on the rise?		33
8651340720	How does media influence public opinion?		34
8651340721	Reapportionment	the allocation of seats in the House to each state after census	35
8651340722	Redistricting	the redrawing ofthe boundaries of the congressional districts within each state	36
8651340723	Superdelegates		37
8651340724	Powers of Congress		38
8651340725	Congressional Elections		39
8651340726	Presidents control over his cabinet		40
8651340727	How does a bill become a law?		41
8651340728	Differences between House and Senate		42
8651340729	Pork barrel legislation	using govt funds for projects designed to pleasure voters and increases likelihood of re-election	43
8651340730	Where does the president get his power?		44
8651340731	How do congressmen gain support for bills?		45
8651340732	How has congress changed in recent years?		46
8651340733	Formal Powers of president		47
8651340734	Formal checks on president	Congress: make laws, impeachment power(house), impeachement trial(Senate), override vetoes, power to declare war, power of the purse(taxes and funding), make rules for the govt and regulation of the land and naval forces Limits: elected indirectly(electoral college), selection of president in the house in case of no majority of electoral vote, senate approves departmental appointments, "advice and consent" of supreme court nominations, senate approves treaties and ambassadors, state of the union address Judiciary: judicial review, chief justice presides over president impeachment trial Amendments: 12-president and VP on separate voting ballots, 20-jan 20 is end of term, 22- term limits, 25- presidential disability and succession	48
8651340735	War powers Act		49
8651340736	Effectiveness of Cabinet		50
8651340737	Congressional influence on federal agency		51
8651340738	Closed rule bill		52
8651340739	rules of veto		53
8651340740	How can the president influence laws/bills?	Propose laws to congress any form of veto	54
8651340741	executive agreements	an international agreement between chiefs of state that does not require legislative approval	55
8651340742	presidential nomination process		56
8651340743	divided government		57
8651340744	aristocracy	rule by the "best"; in reality rule by an upperclass	58
8651340745	policymaking institutions	Legislature, executive, courts, and bureacracy	59
8651340746	authoritarianism	a type of regime in which only the govt itself is fully controlled by the ruler. social and economic institutions exist that are not under the govts control	60
8651340747	authority	the right and power of a government or other entity to enforce its decision and compel obedience	61
8651340748	capitalism	an economic system characterized by the private ownership of wealth-creating assets, free markets, and freedom of contract	62
8651340749	communism	a revolutionary variant of socialism that favors a partisan(and often totalitarian) dictatorship, govt control of all enterprises, and the replacement of free markets by central planning	63
8651340750	consent of the people	the idea that govts and laws derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed	64
8651340751	conservatism	a set of beliefs that includes a limited role of the national govt in helping individuals, support for traditional values and lifestyles and a cautious response to change	65
8651340752	democracy	a system of govt in which political authority is vested in the people	66
8651340753	indirect democracy	ppl elect representatives to rule in their interest	67
8651340754	democratic republic	A republic in which representatives elected by the people make and enforce laws and policies	68
8651340755	direct democracy	a system of govt in which political decisions are made by th people directly, rather than by their elected representatives; attained most easily in small communities New England Town hall meetings	69
8651340756	dominant culture	the values, customs, and language established by the group or groups that traditionally have controlled politics and govt in a society	70
8651340757	elite theory	a perspective holding that society is ruled by a small number of people who exercise power to further their self-interest	71
8651340758	eminent domain	a power set forth in the Fifth Amendment to the US constitution that allows govt to take private property for public use under the condition that just compensation is offered to the landowner	72
8651340759	equality	as a political value: the idea that all people are of equal worth	73
8651340760	fascism	a twentieth century ideology-often totalitarian- that exalts the national collective united behind an absolute ruler. rejects liberal individualism, values, action over rational deliberation, and glorifies war	74
8651340761	government	-the institutions and processes through which public policies are made for society -an institution in which decisions are made that resolve conflicts or allocate benefits and privileges -the preeminent institution within a society -has the ultimate authority for making decisions and establishing political values	75
8651340762	Hispanic	someone who can claim a heritage from a spanish speaking country(other than Spain), used only in US or other countries that recieve immigrants not applied to ppl who are Spanish speaking and live in Spanish speaking countries	76
8651340763	initiative	a procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment	77
8651340764	institution	an ongoing organization that performs certain functions for society	78
8651340765	legislature		79
8651340766	legitimacy	popular acceptance of the right and power of a govt or toher entity to exercise authority	80
8651340767	liberalism	a set of beliefs that includes the advocacy of positive govt action to improve the welfare of individuals, support for civil right, and tolerance for political and social change	81
8651340768	libertarianism	a political ideology based on skepticism or opposition toward almost all govt activities	82
8651340769	liberty	the greatest freedom of individuals that is consistent w the freedom of other individuals in the society	83
8651340770	limited government	the principle that the powers of a govt should be limited, usually by institutional checks	84
8651340771	majoritarianism	a political ideology based on strong support for economic and social equality, socialists traditionally envisioned a society in which major businesses were taken over by the govt or by employee cooperatives	85
8651340772	majority	more than 50%	86
8651340773	majority rule	a basic principle of democracy asserting that the greatest number of citizens in any political unit should select officials and determine policies	87
8651340774	order	a state of peace and security. maintaining order by protecting members of society from violence and criminal activity is the oldest purpose of government	88
8651340775	pluralism	a theory that views politics as a conflict among interest groups, political decision making is characterized by bargaining and compromise	89
8651340776	political power	power used to determine who will hold office and how the govt will behave	90
8651340777	political culture	the collection of beliefs and attitudes toward government and the political process held by a community or a nation	91
8651340778	politics	-the process of resolving conflicts and deciding -"who gets what, when, and how"-Harold Lasswell -the struggle over power or influence within organizations or informal groups that can grant or withhold benefits or privileges	92
8651340779	popular sovereignty	the concept that ultimate political authority is based on the will of the people	93
8651340780	property	anything that is or may be subject to ownership. as conceived by the political philosopher John Locke, the right to property is a natural right superior to human law(laws made by govt)	94
8651340781	unitary system	a centralized governmental system in which local or subdivisonal govts exercise only those powers given to them by the central govt	95
8651340782	recall	a procedure allowing the people to vote to dismiss an elected official from state office before his or her term has expired	96
8651340783	referendum	an electoral device whereby legislative or constitutional measures are referred by the legislature to the voters for approval or disapproval	97
8651340784	representative democracy	a form of govt in which representatives elected by the people make and enforce laws and policies; may retain the monarchy in a ceremonial rule	98
8651340785	republic	a form of govt in which sovereignty rests w the ppl, as opposed to a king or monarch	99
8651340786	anti-federalist	an individual who opposed the ratification of the new constitution in 1787. the anti-federalists were opposed to a strong central govt	100
8651340787	socialism		101
8651340788	bicameral legislature	a legislature made up of 2 parts	102
8651340789	checks and balances	a major principle of the American system of govt whereby each branch of the govt can check the actions of the others	103
8651340790	totalitarian regime	a form of govt that controls all aspects of the political and social life of a nation	104
8651340791	electoral college	a group of people called electors selected by the voters in each state and DC, officially elects the president and VP of the US. same # of electors as representatives in both chambers. 23rd amendment grants DC as many electors as the state w the smallest population	105
8651340792	universal suffrage	the right of all adults to vote for their representatives	106
8651340793	federal system	a system of govt in which power is divided between a central govt and regional or sub divisional govts. each level must have some domain in which its policies are dominant and some genuine or constitutional guarantee of its authority	107
8651340794	Federalist	the name given to one who was in favor of the adoption of the US constitution and the creation of a federal union w a strong central govt	108
8651340795	judicial review	the power of the supreme court and other courts to declare unconstitutional federal or state laws and other acts of govt	109
8651340796	confederation	a political system in which starts or regional govts retain ultimate authority except for those powers they expressly delegate to a central govt. a voluntary association of independent states, in which the member states agree to limited restraints on their freedom of action	110
8651340797	Madisonian Model	a structure of government proposed by James Madison in which the powers of the govt are separated into 3 branches: executive, legislative, judicial	111
8651340798	Legislative	a governmental body primarily made responsible for the making of laws	112
8651340799	ratification	formal approval	113
8651340800	natural rights	rights held to be inherent in natural law, not dependent on govts. John Locke stated that natural law, being superior to human law, specifies certain rights of "life, liberty, + the pursuit of happiness" in the Declaration of Independence	114
8651340801	separation of powers	the principle of dividing governmental powers among different branches of govt	115
8651340802	representative assembly	a legislature composed of individuals who represent the population	116
8651340803	social contract	a voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a govt and abiding by its rules	117
8651340804	state	a group of people occupying a specific area and organized under one government; may either be a nation or a subunit of a nation	118
8651340805	supremacy doctrine	a doctrine that asserts the priority of national laws	119
8651340806	unicameral legislature	a legislature with only one chamber	120
8651340807	block grants	federal programs that provide funds to state and local govts for general functional areas, such as criminal justice or mental-health programs	121
8651340808	categorical grants	federal grants to states or local govts that are for specific programs or projects	122
8651340809	commerce clause	the section of the constitution in which congress is given the power to regulate trade among the states and with foreign countries	123
8651340810	concurrent powers	powers held jointly by the national and state govts	124
8651340811	confederal system	a system consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers. the central govt created by such a league has only limited powers over the states	125
8651340812	devolution	the transfer of powers from a national or central govt to a state or local govt	126
8651340813	interstate compact	an agreement between 2 or more states. agreements on minor matters are made w/o congressional consent but any compact that tends to increase the power of the contracting states relative to other states or relative to the national govt generally requires the consent of Congress. such compacts serve as a means by which states can solve regional problems	127
8651340814	picket fence federalism	a model of federalism in which specific programs and policies(depicted as vertical pickets in a picket fence) involve all levels of govt- national, state, and local( depicted by the horizontal boards in a picket fence)	128
8651340815	Ideology	a comprehensive set of beliefs about the nature of ppl and about the role of an institution or govt	129
8651340816	police power	the authority to legislature for the protection of the health, morals, safty, and welfare of the people. in the US, most police power is reserved to the states	130
8651340817	Informal Checks on president	public opinion, the media, partisan politics, investigative role of congress, interest groups and non-government organizations	131
8651340818	Informal powers of president		132
8651340819	requirements for presidency	35 years old 14 year residency Natural born citizen	133
8651340820	Head of state	ceremonial head of government -decorating war heroes -dedicating parks and post offices -making personal phone calls to astronauts	134
8651340821	Chief Executive	head of the executive branch -enforce acts of congress and judgements of federal courts and treaties	135
8651340822	Signing Statements	a written declaration that a president may make when signing a bill into law, usually point out sections that president deems unconstitutional	136
8651340823	Appointment power	the authority vested in the president to fill a government office or position, executive branch and federal judiciary, commissioned officers in armed forces and memebers of independent regulatory comissions	137
8651340824	Media	the channels of mass communication	138
8651340825	Agenda Setting	determining which public policy questions will be debated or considered	139
8651340826	policy agenda	issues that attract the attention of public officials)changes over time based on events)	140
8651340827	Gender gap	the difference between the % of women who vote for a particular candidate and the % of men who vote for the candidate	141
8651340828	opinion poll	a method of systematically questioning a small, selected sample of respondents who are deemed representative of the total population	142
8651340829	sampling error	the difference between a sample's results and the true result if the entire population had been interviewed	143
8651340830	Linkage Institution	ex: parties, elections, interest groups, and media connect ppl to govt/policy makers	144
8651340831	political trust	the degree to which individuals express trust in the government and political institutions, usually measured through a specific series of survey questions	145
8651340832	political socialization	the process by which people acquire political beliefs and attitudes	146
8651340833	divisive opinion	public opinion that is polarized between two quite different positions	147
8651340834	consensus	general agreement among the citizenry on an issue	148
8651340835	public opinion	the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs shared by some portion of the adult population	149
8651340836	peer group	a group consisting of members sharing common social characteristics. these groups play an important part in the socialization process, helping to shape attitudes and beliefs	150
8651340837	opinion leader	one who is able to influence the opinions of others b/c of the position, expertise, or personality	151
8651340838	great compromise	reps voted based on population, senators 2 per state, 3/5ths vote per slave	152
8651340839	Lifestyle effect	the phenomenon of certain attitudes occurring at certain chronological ages	153
8651340840	generational effect	a long-lasting effect of the events of a particular time on the political opinions of those who came of political age at that time	154
8651340841	Socioeconomic status	the value assigned to a person due to occupation or income. an upper class person has high socioeconomic status	155
8651340842	enumerated powers	specifically granted to the national govt by the constitution. the 1st 17 clauses of article I, section 8 specify most of the enumerated powers of the national govt	156
8651340843	federal mandate	a requirement in federal legislation that forces states and municipalities to comply w certain rules	157
8651340844	policy	what govt does govt + politics = policy	158
8651340845	reprieve	a formal postponment of the execution of a sentence imposed by a court of law	159
8651340846	pardon	a release from the punishement for or legal consequences of a crime; a pardon can be granted by the president before or after conviction	160
8651340847	Commander in chief	the role of the president as supreme commander in the military forces of the US and the National Guard units when they're called into service	161
8651340848	Wartime Powers		162
8651340849	War powers resolution of 1973	spells out the conditions under which the president can commit troops w/o congressional approval	163
8651340850	Chief Diplomat	the role of the president in recognizing foreign govts, making treaties, and effecting executive agreements	164
8651340851	Advise and Consent	terms in the constitution describing the senate's power to review and approve treaties and presidential appointments	165
8651340852	Chief Legislator	the role of the president in influencing the making of laws, suggest bills to Congress, deliver state of the union address	166
8651340853	pocket veto	a special veto exercised by the president after a legislative body has adjourned, bills not signed die after a specified period of time, bill must then be reconsidered in the following session of Congress	167
8651340854	Line item veto	the power of an executive to veto individual lines or itmes within a piece of legislation w/o vetoing the entire bill	168
8651340855	Presidential powers: Constitutional	a power vested in the president by Article II of the Constitution	169
8651340856	Presidential Powers: Statutory	a power created for the president through laws enacted by Congress	170
8651340857	Presidential Powers: Expressed	expressly written into the Constitution or into statutory law	171
8651340858	Presidential Powers: Inherent	derived from the statement " the executive power shall be vested in a president" and the president should " take care that the laws be faithfully executed": defined through practice	172
8651340859	Chief of Party	president is the leader of their political party -patronage -fundraising	173
8651340860	Patronage	the practice of rewarding faithful party workers and followers w govt employment and contracts	174
8651340861	Emergency Power	an inherent power exercised during a period of national crisis -FDR ordered an embargo on shipment of weapons to 2 warring South American countries	175
8651340862	Executive Order	has the effect of law, can implement and give administrative effect to provisions in COnstitution to treaties/statutes, all must be published in "Federal Register" -ration consumer goods	176
8651340863	Executive Privileges		177
8651340864	Impeachemnt		178
8651340865	Cabinet		179
8651340866	Executive Office of the President		180
8651340867	25th Amendment		181
8651340868	interest groups	a group of people who organize themselves towards a common goal or influencing policy makers to benefit them	182
8651340869	lobbyist	someone or an organization who tries to influence Congress and govt for legislation	183
8651340870	latent interests	interests that aren't a priority for some	184
8651340871	Sierra Club		185
8651340872	National Rifle Association(NRA)		186
8651340873	constituent	one of the people represented by a legislator or other elected or appointed officials	187
8651340874	trustee	in regard to a legislator, one who acts according to their consience and the broad intersests of the entire society . go against narrow interests of the constituents if they beleive in the greater good of society	188
8651340875	delegate	a legislator is one that follows the desires/wishes of the voters that elected them	189
8651340876	casework	personal work for constituents by members of Congress, legislators spend much of their time on casework activities as they try to overcome beuracratic issues that may not be controversial in the media	190
8651340877	oversight	the responsibility congress has for following up on laws it has enacted to ensure they are being enforced	191
8651340878	filibuster	the use of the senate's tradition of unlimited debate as a delaying tactic to block a bill	192
8651340879	enumerated powers of congress	right to impose taxes, import tariffs, borrow $, regulate interstate and international trade, establish proceduresfor naturalization, make laws regulating bankrupcies	193
8651340880	cloture	ends the discussion of the bill, 3/5 vote to invoke cloture	194
8651340881	direct primary	an intraparty election in which the voters select the candidates who will run on a party's ticket in the subsequent general election	195
8651340882	gerrymandering	the drawing of legislative district boundary lines for the purpose of obtaining advantages. a district is said to be gerrymandered when its shape is manipulated by the dominant, done by state govts	196
8651340883	franking privilege	a policy that enables members of congress to send material through mail by subing facsimile signaturefor postage allows congressional members to send material to constituents	197
8651340884	discharge petition	a procedure in which a bill in the House may be forced out of a committee that has refused to report it for consideration by the House. the petition must be signed by a	198
8651340885	standing committees	a permanent committee that considers bills w a certain subject area	199
8651340886	select committee	a temporary legislature committee established for a limited time period and for a special purpose	200
8651340887	joint committee	composed of members from both chambers of congress	201
8651340888	conference committe	a special joint committee appointed to reconcile diffeences when bills pass the 2 chambers of congress in different forms	202
8651340889	House rules committee	establishes the terms in which legislation will reach the floor of the House "gatekeeping power"	203
8651340890	formal powers of Speaker of the House	1. presiding over meetings of the house 2. appointing members of the joint committee and conference committee 3. scheduling legislation for floor action 4. deciding points of order and interpreting the rules with the advice of the house parlimentarian 5. referring bills and resolutions to the appropriate standing committee of House	204
8651340891	majority leader of the house	influences the scheduling of debate and acts of the chief supporter for speaker, cooperates w the speaker and other party leaders	205
8651340892	minority leader of the house	maintain cohesion within party's ranks, works for cohesion among party members and speaks on behalf of the press if the minority party controls the White House. consults w both speaker and majority leader on recognizing members who wish to speak on floor, on House rules and procedures and on the scheduling of the legislation	206
8651340893	whips	congressional member that assist the majority or minority leader of the senate or house	207
8651340894	president pro tempore	the temporary presiding officer of the senate in absence of vp	208
8651340895	majority leader of the senate	chief spokesperson of the major party in the senate, directs legislative program and strategy	209
8651340896	minority leader of the senate	party officer of minority in the senate leads strategy and opposition	210
8651340897	budget and impoundment control act of 1974	requires that the president must spend the funds that congress appropriated, inclining their ability to kill programs by withholding funds. congress must examine the total national taxing and spending @ least twice in a budget cycle	211
8651340898	office of management and budget	receives advice from the council of economic advisors and the treasury department, they then outline a budget and send it to various departments and agencies	212